{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:51:21Z","timestamp":1788522681244,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF, Dhaka, Bangladesh","award":["LRPS -2014-9114490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LRPS -2014-9114490"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although adequate vitamin D status during pregnancy is essential for maternal health and to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes, limited data exist on vitamin D status and associated risk factors in pregnant rural Bangladeshi women. This study determined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, and identified associated risk factors, among these women. A total of 515 pregnant women from rural Bangladesh, gestational age \u2264 20 weeks, participated in this cross-sectional study. A separate logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Overall, 17.3% of the pregnant women had vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D concentration &lt;30.0 nmol\/L], and 47.2% had vitamin D insufficiency [serum 25(OH)D concentration between 30\u2013&lt;50 nmol\/L]. The risk of vitamin D insufficiency was significantly higher among nulliparous pregnant women (OR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.75\u20134.23), those in their first trimester (OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.39\u20135.19), anaemic women (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 0.99\u20132.35; p = 0.056) and women whose husbands are farmers (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.22\u20133.50). The risk of vitamin deficiency was significantly higher among younger pregnant women (&lt;25 years; OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.06\u20134.21), nulliparous women (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.34\u20135.25), women in their first trimester (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.12\u20135.79) and those with sub-optimal vitamin A status (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.28\u20134.11). In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent among pregnant rural Bangladeshi women. Parity and gestational age are the common risk factors of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. A husband\u2019s occupation and anaemia status might be important predictors of vitamin D insufficiency, while younger age and sub-optimal vitamin A status are risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency among Pregnant Rural Women in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Faruk","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Khosravi-Boroujeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moududur Rahman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjan Kumar","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubhana","family":"Raqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/00060793-200202000-00011","article-title":"Vitamin D: The underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health","volume":"9","author":"Holick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. 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