{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:21:32Z","timestamp":1791778892102,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA20\/04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA20\/04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003451","name":"University of the Basque Country","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GIU18-173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIU18-173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, obesity is one of the great nutritional problems facing public health. The prevalence of this pathology has increased in a worrying way over recent years, currently reaching epidemic proportions. In this context, nutritional supplements are presented as a therapeutic alternative to which more and more people are turning to. Nutritional supplements to lose weight based on the Garcinia plant, specifically on Garcinia cambogia, are commonly used. The active principle of this plant to which these properties have been attributed, is hydroxycitric acid (HCA). The aim of the present review is to gather reported data concerning the effectiveness of nutritional supplements based on Garcinia extracts on weight loss and their possible negative effects. Contradictory results have been observed regarding the effectiveness of the supplements. While statistically significant weight loss was observed in some studies, no changes were found in others. Regarding safety, although Garcinia supplements have been revealed as safe in the vast majority of the studies carried out in animal models and humans, some cases of hepatotoxicity, serotonin toxicity and mania have been reported. In conclusion, the results suggest that Garcinia-based supplements could be effective in short-term weight loss, although the data are not conclusive. In addition, the safety of the complement should be further studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:25:22Z","timestamp":1611912322000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Risks Associated with the Use of Garcinia as a Nutritional Complement to Lose Weight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Naroa","family":"Andueza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), 28014 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0210-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 01006 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), 28014 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01009 Vitoria, Spain"},{"name":"CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019). The heavy burden of obesity and the economics of prevention. The Heavy Burden of Obesity, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1998). Obesity. Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, WHO. WHO\/NUT\/NCD\/981."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp160915","article-title":"Garcinia cambogia for weight loss","volume":"75","author":"Haber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Alvarez, A., Egan, B., de Klein, S., Dima, L., Maggi, F.M., Isoniemi, M., Ribas-Barba, L., Raats, M.M., Meissner, E.M., and Badea, M. (2014). Usage of plant food supplements across six European countries: Findings from the PlantLIBRA consumer survey. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092265"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-011-9207-3","article-title":"An overview on genus garcinia: Phytochemical and therapeutical aspects","volume":"10","author":"Hemshekhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751658","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/751658","article-title":"Updates on antiobesity effect of Garcinia Origin (-)-HCA","volume":"2013","author":"Chuah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2015.02.012","article-title":"A comprehensive scientific overview of Garcinia cambogia","volume":"102","author":"Semwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1021\/jf010753k","article-title":"Chemistry and biochemistry of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia","volume":"50","author":"Jena","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.12.2990","article-title":"Chronic (-)-Hydroxycitrate Administration Spares Carbohydrate Utilization and Promotes Lipid Oxidation during Exercise in Mice","volume":"130","author":"Ishihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1981.240.1.E72","article-title":"Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on development of obesity in the Zucker obese rat","volume":"240","author":"Greenwood","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.7.1977","article-title":"Hydroxycitrate has long-term effects on feeding behavior, body weight regain and metabolism after body weight loss in male rats","volume":"132","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.11.008","article-title":"High dose of Garcinia cambogia is effective in suppressing fat accumulation in developing male Zucker obese rats, but highly toxic to the testis","volume":"43","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.18.1596","article-title":"Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"280","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00321-8","article-title":"Effects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive variables","volume":"71","author":"Mattes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000002800505","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a new weight-reducing agent of natural origin","volume":"28","author":"Thom","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801605","article-title":"The effects of 2-week ingestion of (--)-hydroxycitrate and (--)-hydroxycitrate combined with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety, fat oxidation, energy expenditure and body weight","volume":"25","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(01)00594-7","article-title":"Effects of 2-week ingestion of (\u2212)-hydroxycitrate and (\u2212)-hydroxycitrate combined with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety and food intake","volume":"74","author":"Kovacs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2003.08.006","article-title":"Effects of Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) on visceral fat accumulation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Hayamizu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2003.09.007","article-title":"Efficacy of a novel, natural extract of (\u2013)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX, niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract in weight management in human volunteers: A pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Preuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-8902.2004.00328.x","article-title":"Effects of a natural extract of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX plus niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract on weight loss","volume":"6","author":"Preuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"25","article-title":"Reduction of adipose tissue and body weight: Effect of water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate in Garcinia atroviridis on the short term treatment of obese women in Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Roongpisuthipong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2231","article-title":"Efficacy of Slim339\u00ae in reducing body weight of overweight and obese human subjects","volume":"21","author":"Toromanyan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2323","article-title":"Evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of Garcinia cambogia plus Amorphophallus konjac for the treatment of obesity","volume":"22","author":"Vasques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-94","article-title":"Does Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: A randomized control trial","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"75","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of Garcinia cambogia and Phaseolus vulgaris extract for obese adults in taiwan","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20211","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a novel herbal formulation for weight management","volume":"21","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2012.0178","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of an herbal formulation for weight management","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5158","article-title":"IQP-GC-101 reduces body weight and body fat mass: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5076","article-title":"Hypolipemic Effect of Garcinia cambogia in Obese Women","volume":"28","author":"Vasques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0306-4","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of Meratrim for weight management: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy overweight human subjects","volume":"15","author":"Kudiganti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maia-Landim, A., Ram\u00edrez, J.M., Lancho, C., Poblador, M.S., and Lancho, J.L. (2018). Long-term effects of Garcinia cambogia\/Glucomannan on weight loss in people with obesity, PLIN4, FTO and Trp64Arg polymorphisms. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2099-7"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, M., Gangitano, E., Francomano, D., Addessi, E., Toscano, R., Costantini, D., Tuccinardi, D., Mariani, S., Basciani, S., and Spera, G. (2018). Mangosteen Extract shows a potent Insulin sensitizing effect in Obese female patients: A prospective randomized controlled pilot study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201804.0049.v1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509038","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/509038","article-title":"The use of Garcinia extract (hydroxycitric acid) as a weight loss supplement: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"2011","author":"Onakpoya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197920","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/197920","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo toxicity of Garcinia or hydroxycitric acid: A review","volume":"2012","author":"Chuah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.04.014","article-title":"Safety assessment of (\u2212)-hydroxycitric acid and Super CitriMax\u00ae, a novel calcium\/potassium salt","volume":"42","author":"Soni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.500551","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of hydroxycitric acid or Garcinia cambogia extracts in humans","volume":"52","author":"Babio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019911205672","article-title":"Safety and mechanism of appetite suppression by a novel hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX)","volume":"238","author":"Ohia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8160","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i44.8160","article-title":"Hydroxycitric acid does not promote inflammation or liver toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Clouatre","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027358106407","article-title":"Dose- and time-dependent effects of a novel (\u2212)-hydroxycitric acid extract on body weight, hepatic and testicular lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and histopathological data over a period of 90 days","volume":"254","author":"Shara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MCBI.0000026069.53960.75","article-title":"Physico-chemical properties of a novel (\u2013)-hydroxy- citric acid extract and its effect on body weight, selected organ weights, hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, hematology and clinical chemistry, and histopathological changes over a period of 90 days","volume":"260","author":"Shara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i29.4689","article-title":"Garcinia cambogia attenuates diet-induced adiposity but exacerbates hepatic collagen accumulation and inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"6483605","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity associated with use of the weight loss supplement Garcinia cambogia: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2018","author":"Kothadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.01.018","article-title":"Hepatic, testicular and spermatozoa antioxidant status in rats chronically treated with Garcinia kola seed","volume":"146","author":"Farombi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.02.010","article-title":"Safety and toxicological evaluation of Meratrim\u00ae: An herbal formulation for weight management","volume":"78","author":"Saiyed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-6-200503150-00026","article-title":"Two patients with acute liver injury associated with use of the herbal weight-loss supplement hydroxycut","volume":"142","author":"Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6999","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6999","article-title":"Hydroxycut hepatotoxicity: A case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements","volume":"14","author":"Dara","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj4502-100","article-title":"Priapism and risperidone; Psoriasis after certolizumab therapy; bruxism with two different SSRIs; Nasal septum deviation associated with bevacizumab treatment; Hepatic failure with another herbal weight loss supplement; Bupropion-related dystonia and parkinsonism; bendamustine-associated hemolytic anemia","volume":"45","author":"Shuster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"188","article-title":"Hydroxycut(\u00ae) (herbal weight loss supplement) induced hepatotoxicity: A case report and review of literature","volume":"69","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hawaii Med. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj5007-564","article-title":"Garcinia cambogia\u2013Induced Acute Hepatitis; Varenicline-Induced Parkinsonism; Resistant Hypocalcemia after Zoledronic Acid Administration; Zonisamide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury; Psychosis Associated with Guanfacine","volume":"50","author":"Mancano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000303","article-title":"Acute hepatitis induced by pure Garcinia cambogia","volume":"49","author":"Snipelisky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2015210303","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-210303","article-title":"Acute liver injury associated with a newer formulation of the herbal weight loss supplement Hydroxycut","volume":"2015","author":"Araujo","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5694\/mja15.00816","article-title":"Fulminant liver failure and transplantation after use of dietary supplements","volume":"204","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1184287","article-title":"Acute liver failure associated with Garcinia cambogia use","volume":"15","author":"Corey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10071","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i45.10071","article-title":"Dangerous dietary supplements: Garcinia cambogia-associated hepatic failure requiring transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Lunsford","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1880-4","article-title":"Acute liver injury following Garcinia cambogia weight-loss supplementation: Case series and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Crescioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"9606171","article-title":"Acute hepatitis due to Garcinia cambogia extract, an herbal weight loss supplement","volume":"2018","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastrointest. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.05.001","article-title":"Chemical analysis of weight loss herbal supplement safe lean\u2122 associated with acute liver injury\u2014A concern for spurious drug, misbranding and adulteration","volume":"8","author":"Philips","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i11.735","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity associated with Garcinia cambogia: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Yousaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e6870","article-title":"Not All Herbals are Benign: A Case of Hydroxycut-induced Acute Liver Injury","volume":"12","author":"Khetpal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00429","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000429","article-title":"Acute severe liver injury related to long-term Garcinia cambogia intake","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Cort\u00e9s, M., Robles-D\u00edaz, M., Ortega-Alonso, A., Medina-Caliz, I., and Andrade, R.J. (2016). Hepatotoxicity by dietary supplements: A tabular listing and clinical characteristics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040537"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e4676","article-title":"Acute Pancreatitis Secondary to Use of Appetite Suppressant: Garcinia cambogia","volume":"11","author":"Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0390-7","article-title":"Serotonin toxicity associated with Garcinia cambogia over-the-counter supplement","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrickson, B.P., Shaikh, N., Occhiogrosso, M., and Penzner, J.B. (2016). Mania induced by Garcinia cambogia: A case series. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.15l01890"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416667827","article-title":"Hypomania induced by a Garcinia cambogia supplement","volume":"51","author":"Cotovio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190017734728","article-title":"Possible Garcinia cambogia-induced mania with psychosis: A case report","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"48","article-title":"Garcinia cambogia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, and Pancreatitis","volume":"100","author":"Bystrak","year":"2017","journal-title":"RI Med. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","article-title":"A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions","volume":"30","author":"Naranjo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4087","article-title":"No evidence demonstrating hepatotoxicity associated with hydroxycitric acid","volume":"15","author":"Stohs","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12057","article-title":"Is obesity rather than the dietary supplement used for weight reduction the cause of liver injury?","volume":"2","author":"Teschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"JGH Open"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/2\/450\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:17:17Z","timestamp":1760159837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/2\/450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13020450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13020450","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]}}}