{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:20:51Z","timestamp":1789809651797,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1125539, 1090890, 1124493, 1164954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1125539, 1090890, 1124493, 1164954"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH ONPRC","award":["P51 OD011092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011092"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012256","name":"Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG2715, PG20518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG2715, PG20518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Creatine metabolism is an important component of cellular energy homeostasis. Via the creatine kinase circuit, creatine derived from our diet or synthesized endogenously provides spatial and temporal maintenance of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production; this is particularly important for cells with high or fluctuating energy demands. The use of this circuit by tissues within the female reproductive system, as well as the placenta and the developing fetus during pregnancy is apparent throughout the literature, with some studies linking perturbations in creatine metabolism to reduced fertility and poor pregnancy outcomes. Maternal dietary creatine supplementation during pregnancy as a safeguard against hypoxia-induced perinatal injury, particularly that of the brain, has also been widely studied in pre-clinical in vitro and small animal models. However, there is still no consensus on whether creatine is essential for successful reproduction. This review consolidates the available literature on creatine metabolism in female reproduction, pregnancy and the early neonatal period. Creatine metabolism is discussed in relation to cellular bioenergetics and de novo synthesis, as well as the potential to use dietary creatine in a reproductive setting. We highlight the apparent knowledge gaps and the research \u201croad forward\u201d to understand, and then utilize, creatine to improve reproductive health and perinatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T13:01:12Z","timestamp":1612270872000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Creatine Metabolism in Female Reproduction, Pregnancy and Newborn Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Muccini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhi T.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health &amp; Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3362-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah L.","family":"de Guingand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0406-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamatha","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Della Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6374-9372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Galinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6098-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry S.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health &amp; Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith A.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive &amp; Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 37009, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary J.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital and Coast District Health Board, Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health &amp; Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rod J.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey J.","family":"Ellery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80183-6","article-title":"Metabolic fuels and reproduction in female mammals","volume":"16","author":"Wade","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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