{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:54:41Z","timestamp":1787165681109,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with multiple organ involvement predominantly affecting women of childbearing age. Environmental factors, as well as genetic predisposition, can cause immunological disturbances that manifest as SLE. A habitual high-fat diet and obesity have recently been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The frequency of obesity is higher in patients with SLE than in general populations. Vitamin D and adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, are possible mediators connecting obesity and SLE. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels are elevated in patients with SLE and can impact innate and adaptive immunity. Vitamin D deficiency is commonly observed in SLE. Because vitamin D can modulate the functionality of various immune cells, we review vitamin D supplementation and its effects on the course of clinical disease in this work. We also discuss high-fat diets coinciding with alterations of the gut microbiome, or dysbiosis. Contingent upon dietary habits, microbiota can be conducive to the maintenance of immune homeostasis. A high-fat diet can give rise to dysbiosis, and patients who are affected by obesity and\/or have SLE possess less diverse microbiota. Interestingly, a hypothesis about dysbiosis and the development of SLE has been suggested and reviewed here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T01:15:50Z","timestamp":1612401350000},"page":"504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Impact of Obesity and a High-Fat Diet on Clinical and Immunological Features in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7516-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanori","family":"Kono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1316-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Nagafuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Shoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keishi","family":"Fujio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","article-title":"Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"349","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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