{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:02:09Z","timestamp":1782882129291,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is one of the most common extraintestinal complications among patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. The role of vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of a decreased bone mineral density is well known, although other nutrients, including micronutrients, are also of extreme importance. Despite the fact that zinc, copper, selenium, iron, cadmium, silicon and fluorine have not been frequently discussed with regard to the prevention of osteoporosis, it is possible that a deficiency or excess of the abovementioned elements may affect bone mineralization. Additionally, the risk of malnutrition, which is common in patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn\u2019s disease, as well as the composition of gut microbiota, may be associated with micronutrients status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T14:07:40Z","timestamp":1612706860000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Do Only Calcium and Vitamin D Matter? Micronutrients in the Diet of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Patients and the Risk of Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja Ewa","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6586-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Rychter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6995-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dobrowolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Krela-Ka\u017amierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1014407","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"50","author":"Burisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2016.08.009","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Complications and Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study","volume":"80","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, January 15). Fact Sheets\u2014Malnutrition. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malnutrition."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"447","article-title":"Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia in a Population of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases from the Wielkopolska Region","volume":"128","author":"Michalak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaldaferri, F., Pizzoferrato, M., Lopetuso, L.R., Musca, T., Ingravalle, F., Sicignano, L.L., Mentella, M., Miggiano, G., Mele, M.C., and Gaetani, E. (2017). Nutrition and IBD: Malnutrition and\/or Sarcopenia? A Practical Guide. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8646495"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12278","article-title":"Malnutrition and Quality of Life among Adult Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients","volume":"4","author":"Pulley","year":"2020","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"96","article-title":"[Osteoporosis and mineral intake]","volume":"14","author":"Yamada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Calcium"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S66354","article-title":"Comparison of Bone Tissue Trace-Element Concentrations and Mineral Density in Osteoporotic Femoral Neck Fractures and Osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8363-4","article-title":"Correlation Analysis between Bone Mineral Density and Serum Element Contents of Postmenopausal Women in Xi\u2019an Urban Area","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-019-00125-5","article-title":"Selenium Intake, Status, and Health: A Complex Relationship","volume":"19","author":"Rayman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Athens Greece"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"632","article-title":"ESPEN Practical Guideline: Clinical Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"39","author":"Bischoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3386-5","article-title":"Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Fractures: An Updated Meta-Analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation","volume":"27","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int. J. Establ. Result Coop. Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.11.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation for Three Years in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Significantly Alters Bone Mineral and Organic Matrix Quality","volume":"95","author":"Paschalis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"561","article-title":"Effects of Daily Intake of Calcium and Vitamin D-Enriched Milk in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Nutritional Study","volume":"27","author":"Mendoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Womens Health 2002"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.07.019","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Salmon Calcitonin in the Treatment of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Taking Calcium and Vitamin D","volume":"91","author":"Henriksen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratajczak, A.E., Rychter, A.M., Zawada, A., Dobrowolska, A., and Krela-Ka\u017amierczak, I. (2020). Nutrients in the Prevention of Osteoporosis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061702"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.895","article-title":"Diet and Nutritional Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"22","author":"Owczarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2019.73.5.276","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Manifestation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Options","volume":"19","author":"Dovjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.077842","article-title":"The Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Investigation and Management of Osteoporosis","volume":"64","author":"Sandhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036612","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036612","article-title":"Selenium and Bone Health: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.08.047","article-title":"Epidemiology, Etiology, and Diagnosis of Osteoporosis","volume":"194","author":"Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"145","article-title":"Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Patients with New Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"56","author":"Adriani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Panminerva Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.4325","article-title":"Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Lessons from a Real-world Study","volume":"128","author":"Pellicano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, P., Krisam, J., Kasperk, C., and Gauss, A. (2019). Prevalence, Risk Factors and Course of Osteoporosis in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease at a Tertiary Referral Center. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122178"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0192-9","article-title":"Bone Metabolism and the c.-223C > T Polymorphism in the 5\u2032UTR Region of the Osteoprotegerin Gene in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"99","author":"Szymczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v6.i4.210","article-title":"Risk Factors for Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients","volume":"6","author":"Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirchengast, S. (2016). Bone Loss and Physical Activity\u2014A Bio Anthropological Perspective. J. Osteoporos. Phys. Act.","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9509.1000164"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4014","article-title":"Smoking-Induced Risk of Osteoporosis Is Partly Mediated by Cadmium From Tobacco Smoke: The MrOS Sweden Study","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0221961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221961","article-title":"Global Smoking Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of Inception Cohorts","volume":"14","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"120","article-title":"Infliximab Increases Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Sole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.50219.x","article-title":"Maintenance Infliximab Treatment Is Associated with Improved Bone Mineral Density in Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"100","author":"Bernstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:97:3:215","article-title":"Serum Zinc and Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density in Beta-Thalassemic Adolescents","volume":"97","author":"Bekheirnia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390500466174","article-title":"The Role of Nutrients in Bone Health, from A to Z","volume":"46","author":"Palacios","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-009-0358-0","article-title":"Role of Nutritional Zinc in the Prevention of Osteoporosis","volume":"338","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071621","article-title":"Vegetarian Diets and Bone Status","volume":"100","author":"Tucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000477","article-title":"Vitamin and Zinc Status Pretreatment and Posttreatment in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"59","author":"Santucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850172098","article-title":"The Value of Methods to Determine Zinc Deficiency in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"33","author":"Naber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanna, A., Firinu, D., Zavattari, P., and Valera, P. (2018). Zinc Status and Autoimmunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010068"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"784","article-title":"[Cross-sectional association between dietary zinc intake and phalangeal osteoporosis]","volume":"44","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.715","article-title":"Zinc Intakes and Plasma Concentrations in Men with Osteoporosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"80","author":"Hyun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s774-002-8445-y","article-title":"The Role of Trace Minerals in the Pathogenesis of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis and a New Effect of Calcitonin","volume":"20","author":"Colpan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000703500514","article-title":"Magnesium, Zinc and Copper Status in Osteoporotic, Osteopenic and Normal Post-Menopausal Women","volume":"35","author":"Mutlu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0868","article-title":"Trace Elements and Bone Health","volume":"51","author":"Nemcikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. CCLM"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"181","article-title":"Microelements for Bone Boost: The Last but Not the Least","volume":"13","author":"Pepa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"34","article-title":"Serum Copper Levels Are Associated with Bone Mineral Density and Total Fracture","volume":"14","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"24","article-title":"Adequate Serum Copper Concentration Could Improve Bone Density, Postpone Bone Loss and Protect Osteoporosis in Women","volume":"36","author":"Mir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Royer, A., and Sharman, T. (2020). Copper Toxicity. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Guzek, D., and Lech, G. (2019). Analysis of the Nutrients and Food Products Intake of Polish Males with Ulcerative Colitis in Remission. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102333"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13523","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013523","article-title":"A STROBE Compliant Observational Study on Trace Elements in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Their Relationship with Disease Activity","volume":"97","author":"Poursadegh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"116","article-title":"The Serum Concentrations of Zinc, Copper and Selenium in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"48","author":"Ojuawo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cent. Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2410-x","article-title":"Copper Deficit as a Potential Pathogenic Factor of Reduced Bone Mineral Density and Severe Tooth Wear","volume":"25","author":"Sierpinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int. J. Establ. Result Coop. Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5010097","article-title":"Selenium in Bone Health: Roles in Antioxidant Protection and Cell Proliferation","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.024","article-title":"Selenium in Food and the Human Body: A Review","volume":"400","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kieliszek, M., and B\u0142a\u017cejak, S. (2016). Current Knowledge on the Importance of Selenium in Food for Living Organisms: A Review. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050609"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16333","article-title":"Risk Factors for Vitamin D, Zinc, and Selenium Deficiencies in Korean Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beukhof, C.M., Medici, M., Van den Beld, A.W., Hollenbach, B., Hoeg, A., Visser, W.E., De Herder, W.W., Visser, T.J., Schomburg, L., and Peeters, R.P. (2016). Selenium Status Is Positively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aging European Men. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152748"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xie, D., Li, J., Long, H., Wu, J., Wu, Z., He, H., Wang, H., Yang, T., and Wang, Y. (2019). Association between Dietary Selenium Intake and the Prevalence of Osteoporosis: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2958-5"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-011-9109-7","article-title":"Plasma Selenium, Zinc, Copper and Lipid Levels in Postmenopausal Turkish Women and Their Relation with Osteoporosis","volume":"144","author":"Arikan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N7p564","article-title":"Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, and Selenium Levels in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. Can Magnesium Play a Key Role in Osteoporosis?","volume":"37","author":"Odabasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0071-7","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Calcium on Bone Mass in Postmenopausal Women with High Selenium Intake","volume":"16","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on Iron and Its Importance for Human Health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci. Off. J. Isfahan Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balogh, E., Paragh, G., and Jeney, V. (2018). Influence of Iron on Bone Homeostasis. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040107"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.03.005","article-title":"Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 23, Serum Iron and Bone Mineral Density in Premenopausal Women","volume":"86","author":"Imel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1692","article-title":"Iron Overload Accelerates Bone Loss in Healthy Postmenopausal Women and Middle-Aged Men: A 3-Year Retrospective Longitudinal Study","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy054","article-title":"The Relevance of Vitamin and Iron Deficiency in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Patients of the Swiss IBD Cohort","volume":"24","author":"Madanchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"22","article-title":"Prevalence of Iron Deficiency without Anaemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001161","article-title":"Dietary Iron and Heme Iron Consumption, Genetic Susceptibility, and Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"23","author":"Khalili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.4.863","article-title":"Dietary Iron Positively Influences Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women on Hormone Replacement Therapy","volume":"135","author":"Maurer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3598","article-title":"Dietary Iron Is Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Postmenopausal Women","volume":"133","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110706","article-title":"Hemoglobin Levels and Low Bone Mineral Density in Non-Anemic Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"126","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0540-z","article-title":"Serum Ferritin Levels Are Positively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Elderly Korean Men: The 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.196.33","article-title":"Effects of Cadmium Intake on Bone Metabolism of Mothers during Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"196","author":"Ohta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2016.32.1.065","article-title":"Cadmium Exposure and Potential Health Risk from Foods in Contaminated Area, Thailand","volume":"32","author":"Chunhabundit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.03.018","article-title":"Associations between Dietary Cadmium Exposure and Bone Mineral Density and Risk of Osteoporosis and Fractures among Women","volume":"50","author":"Vahter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavado-Garc\u00eda, J.M., Puerto-Parejo, L.M., Roncero-Mart\u00edn, R., Moran, J.M., Pedrera-Zamorano, J.D., Aliaga, I.J., Leal-Hern\u00e1ndez, O., and Canal-Macias, M.L. (2017). Dietary Intake of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and Its Association with Bone Health in Healthy Premenopausal Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121437"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"499","article-title":"Environmental Cadmium Exposure and Forearm Bone Density","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biometals Int. J. Role Met. Ions Biol. Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316783","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/316783","article-title":"Silicon: A Review of Its Potential Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis","volume":"2013","author":"Price","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"99","article-title":"Silicon and Bone Health","volume":"11","author":"Jugdaohsingh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.0301225","article-title":"Dietary Silicon Intake Is Positively Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Men and Premenopausal Women of the Framingham Offspring Cohort","volume":"19","author":"Jugdaohsingh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-44","article-title":"Absorption of Silicon from Artesian Aquifer Water and Its Impact on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women: A 12 Week Pilot Study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8138-3","article-title":"Short-Term Administration of Water-Soluble Silicon Improves Mineral Density of the Femur and Tibia in Ovariectomized Rats","volume":"124","author":"Bae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510384626","article-title":"Fluoride\u2019s Effects on the Formation of Teeth and Bones, and the Influence of Genetics","volume":"90","author":"Everett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0437-6","article-title":"Effects of Treatment with Fluoride on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk--a Meta-Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int. J. Establ. Result Coop. Eur. Found. Osteoporos. Natl. Osteoporos. Found. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2016.28.133-137","article-title":"Fluoride: A review of use and effects on health","volume":"28","author":"Kanduti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Socio-Medica"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01448.x","article-title":"Therapy of Osteoporosis in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Study Comparing Sodium Fluoride and Ibandronate","volume":"17","author":"Klaus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01247.x","article-title":"Groupe D\u2019etudes Th\u00e9rapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID) Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D with or without Fluoride","volume":"16","author":"Abitbol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.9.2247","article-title":"Elevated Serum Fluoride Concentrations in Women Are Not Related to Fractures and Bone Mineral Density","volume":"135","author":"Sowers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7265.860","article-title":"Community Water Fluoridation, Bone Mineral Density, and Fractures: Prospective Study of Effects in Older Women","volume":"321","author":"Phipps","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-181990","article-title":"Dietary Selenium Affects Host Selenoproteome Expression by Influencing the Gut Microbiota","volume":"25","author":"Kasaikina","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00563","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Selenium Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier and Immune Responses Associated with Its Modulation of Gut Microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12233","article-title":"The Impact of High Dietary Zinc Oxide on the Development of the Intestinal Microbiota in Weaned Piglets","volume":"87","author":"Starke","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-014-4347-y","article-title":"Effect of Zinc on Growth Performance, Gut Morphometry, and Cecal Microbial Community in Broilers Challenged with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium","volume":"52","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9768","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125497","article-title":"Chronic Zinc Deficiency Alters Chick Gut Microbiota Composition and Function","volume":"7","author":"Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, M., Frank, D., Hendricks, A., Ir, D., Esamai, F., Liechty, E., Hambidge, K., and Krebs, N. (2017). Iron in Micronutrient Powder Promotes an Unfavorable Gut Microbiota in Kenyan Infants. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070776"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The Effects of Iron Fortification on the Gut Microbiota in African Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"92","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qasem, W., Azad, M.B., Hossain, Z., Azad, E., Jorgensen, S., Castillo San Juan, S., Cai, C., Khafipour, E., Beta, T., and Roberts, L.J. (2017). Assessment of Complementary Feeding of Canadian Infants: Effects on Microbiome & Oxidative Stress, a Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Pediatr., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0805-0"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.002","article-title":"Oral Administration of Liquid Iron Preparation Containing Excess Iron Induces Intestine and Liver Injury, Impairs Intestinal Barrier Function and Alters the Gut Microbiota in Rats","volume":"47","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortman, G.A.M., Dutilh, B.E., Maathuis, A.J.H., Engelke, U.F., Boekhorst, J., Keegan, K.P., Nielsen, F.G.G., Betley, J., Weir, J.C., and Kingsbury, Z. (2016). Microbial Metabolism Shifts Towards an Adverse Profile with Supplementary Iron in the TIM-2 In Vitro Model of the Human Colon. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01481"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001149","article-title":"Iron Supplementation Has Minor Effects on Gut Microbiota Composition in Overweight and Obese Women in Early Pregnancy","volume":"120","author":"Barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.63.396","article-title":"The Relationship between Habitual Dietary Intake and Gut Microbiota in Young Japanese Women","volume":"63","author":"Seura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0685-7","article-title":"Haem Iron Reshapes Colonic Luminal Environment: Impact on Mucosal Homeostasis and Microbiome through Aldehyde Formation","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Otten, J.J., Hellwig, J.P., and Meyers, L.D. (2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, National Academy of Sciences."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/2\/525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:19Z","timestamp":1760160019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/2\/525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13020525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13020525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]}}}