{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:02:13Z","timestamp":1777618933494,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whether dietary salt intake affects chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to analyze the effects of both daily salt intake (DSI) and volume status on renal outcomes in 197 CKD patients. DSI was estimated by 24-h urinary sodium excretion and volume status was assessed by the ratio of extracellular water (ECW) to total body water (TBW) measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We divided patients into two groups according to DSI (6 g\/day) or median ECW\/TBW (0.475) and compared renal outcomes of each group. Furthermore, we classified and analyzed four groups according to both DSI and ECW\/TBW. The higher DSI group showed a 1.69-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12\u20132.57, p = 0.01) excess risk of outcome occurrence compared to the lower group. Among the four groups, compared with Group 1 (low DSI and low ECW\/TBW), Group 3 (high DSI and low ECW\/TBW) showed a 1.84-fold (95% CI 1.03\u20133.30, p = 0.04) excess risk of outcome occurrence; however, Group 2 (low DSI and high ECW\/TBW) showed no significant difference. High salt intake appears to be associated with poor renal outcome independent of blood pressure (BP), proteinuria, and volume status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Association between Daily Urinary Sodium Excretion, Ratio of Extracellular Water-to-Total Body Water Ratio, and Kidney Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kaori","family":"Kohatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Health Outcomes and Process Evaluation Research (iHope International), Kyoto 604-8006, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yugo","family":"Shibagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Sakurada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605993","article-title":"Salt intake and gastric cancer risk according to Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, tumour site and histological type","volume":"104","author":"Peleteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. 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