{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:08:33Z","timestamp":1793210913480,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malnutrition is a common condition encountered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is often associated with sarcopenia (the reduction of muscle mass and strength) which is an ever-growing consideration in chronic diseases. Recent data suggest the prevalence of sarcopenia is 52% and 37% in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis, respectively, however it is challenging to fully appreciate the prevalence of sarcopenia in IBD. Sarcopenia is an important consideration in the management of IBD, including the impact on quality of life, prognostication, and treatment such as surgical interventions, biologics and immunomodulators. There is evolving research in many chronic inflammatory states, such as chronic liver disease and rheumatoid arthritis, whereby interventions have begun to be developed to counteract sarcopenia. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature regarding the impact of sarcopenia in the management of IBD, from mechanistic drivers through to assessment and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Sarcopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amritpal","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1205-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan I.","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"Overthrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Greig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet M.","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheldon C.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Cederholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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