{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:10:40Z","timestamp":1791648640434,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":457,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["graduate school GRK2573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["graduate school GRK2573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological studies have shown a dramatic increase in the incidence and the prevalence of allergic diseases over the last several decades. Environmental triggers including risk factors (e.g., pollution), the loss of rural living conditions (e.g., farming conditions), and nutritional status (e.g., maternal, breastfeeding) are considered major contributors to this increase. The influences of these environmental factors are thought to be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms which are heritable, reversible, and biologically relevant biochemical modifications of the chromatin carrying the genetic information without changing the nucleotide sequence of the genome. An important feature characterizing epigenetically-mediated processes is the existence of a time frame where the induced effects are the strongest and therefore most crucial. This period between conception, pregnancy, and the first years of life (e.g., first 1000 days) is considered the optimal time for environmental factors, such as nutrition, to exert their beneficial epigenetic effects. In the current review, we discussed the impact of the exposure to bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungal components, microbiome metabolites, and specific nutritional components (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), vitamins, plant- and animal-derived microRNAs, breast milk) on the epigenetic patterns related to allergic manifestations. We gave insight into the epigenetic signature of bioactive milk components and the effects of specific nutrition on neonatal T cell development. Several lines of evidence suggest that atypical metabolic reprogramming induced by extrinsic factors such as allergens, viruses, pollutants, diet, or microbiome might drive cellular metabolic dysfunctions and defective immune responses in allergic disease. Therefore, we described the current knowledge on the relationship between immunometabolism and allergy mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. The knowledge as presented will give insight into epigenetic changes and the potential of maternal and post-natal nutrition on the development of allergic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T02:08:17Z","timestamp":1614305297000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Perinatal and Early-Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Allergy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5154-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7120-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Alashkar Alhamwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, International University for Science and Technology (IUST), Daraa 15, Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Caraballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos, Switzerland"},{"name":"Christine K\u00fchne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Garn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Inflammation Research Division &amp; 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Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1499-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalida","family":"Perveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Pogge von Strandmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9710-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Sokolowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos, Switzerland"},{"name":"Christine K\u00fchne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0324-8506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Potaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Inflammation Research Division &amp; 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