{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:06:51Z","timestamp":1791500811983,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programma Attuativo Regionale Toscana","award":["FAS (now FSC)\u2014MICpROBIMM grant number 4042.16092014.066000029."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAS (now FSC)\u2014MICpROBIMM grant number 4042.16092014.066000029."]}]},{"name":"Italian Society for Celiac Disease and Foundation for Celicac Disease","award":["007_FC_2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007_FC_2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Altered circulating levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), namely short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), are associated with metabolic, gastrointestinal, and malignant diseases. Hence, we compared the serum FFA profile of patients with celiac disease (CD), adenomatous polyposis (AP), and colorectal cancer (CRC) to healthy controls (HC). We enrolled 44 patients (19 CRC, 9 AP, 16 CD) and 16 HC. We performed a quantitative FFA evaluation with the gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry method (GC\u2013MS), and we performed Dirichlet-multinomial regression in order to highlight disease-specific FFA signature. HC showed a different composition of FFAs than CRC, AP, and CD patients. Furthermore, the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) confirmed perfect overlap between the CRC and AP patients and separation of HC from the diseased groups. The Dirichlet-multinomial regression identified only strong positive association between CD and butyric acid. Moreover, CD patients showed significant interactions with age, BMI, and gender. In addition, among patients with the same age and BMI, being male compared to being female implies a decrease of the CD effect on the (log) prevalence of butyric acid in FFA composition. Our data support GC\u2013MS as a suitable method for the concurrent analysis of circulating SCFAs, MCFAs, and LCFAs in different gastrointestinal diseases. Furthermore, and notably, we suggest for the first time that butyric acid could represent a potential biomarker for CD screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T06:47:20Z","timestamp":1614322040000},"page":"742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Free Fatty Acids Signature in Human Intestinal Disorders: Significant Association between Butyric Acid and Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5151-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Baldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Menicatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Nannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Niccolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3141-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edda","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pallecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Versilia Hospital, 55041 Lido di Camaiore, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pedone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2963-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino S.","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco C.","family":"Stingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications \u201cG. Parenti\u201d, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Bartolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Amedei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21560","article-title":"New insights into the role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis and resolution of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Shores","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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