{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:10:57Z","timestamp":1793862657696,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission under the framework programme of the European Union","award":["211696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211696"]}]},{"name":"EU Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) and BMBF grants MIND-AD","award":["01ED1509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ED1509"]}]},{"name":"EURO-FINGERS","award":["01ED2003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ED2003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methylxanthines (MTX) are purine derived xanthine derivatives. Whereas naturally occurring methylxanthines like caffeine, theophylline or theobromine are widely consumed in food, several synthetic but also non-synthetic methylxanthines are used as pharmaceuticals, in particular in treating airway constrictions. Besides the well-established bronchoprotective effects, methylxanthines are also known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, mediate changes in lipid homeostasis and have neuroprotective effects. Known molecular mechanisms include adenosine receptor antagonism, phosphodiesterase inhibition, effects on the cholinergic system, wnt signaling, histone deacetylase activation and gene regulation. By affecting several pathways associated with neurodegenerative diseases via different pleiotropic mechanisms and due to its moderate side effects, intake of methylxanthines have been suggested to be an interesting approach in dealing with neurodegeneration. Especially in the past years, the impact of methylxanthines in neurodegenerative diseases has been extensively studied and several new aspects have been elucidated. In this review we summarize the findings of methylxanthines linked to Alzheimer\u00b4s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease and Multiple Sclerosis since 2017, focusing on epidemiological and clinical studies and addressing the underlying molecular mechanisms in cell culture experiments and animal studies in order to assess the neuroprotective potential of methylxanthines in these diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]],"date-time":"2021-02-28T20:43:32Z","timestamp":1614545012000},"page":"803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Methylxanthines and Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8966-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Janitschke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornel M.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike S.","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7481-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr DemenzPr\u00e4vention (DIDP), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus O. W.","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr DemenzPr\u00e4vention (DIDP), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg\/Saar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e9578","article-title":"Neuroprotective and neurodegenerative aspects of coffee and its active ingredients in view of scientific literature","volume":"12","author":"Wasim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.08.008","article-title":"Caffeine and adenosine a(2a) receptor antagonists prevent beta-amyloid (25-35)-induced cognitive deficits in mice","volume":"203","author":"Fett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. 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