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We enrolled 24 infants who were either exclusively breastfed or supplemented with formula by the age of one month. We collected diet information, stool samples for evaluation of microbiotas by 16S rRNA sequencing, and blood samples for assessment of immune development by flow cytometry from birth to 6 months of age. We further typed the Bifidobacterium strains in stool samples whose 16S rRNA sequencing showed the presence of Bifidobacteriaceae. Supplementation with formula during breastfeeding transiently changed the composition of the gut microbiome, but the impact dissipated by six months of age. For example, Bifidobacterium longum, a bacterial species highly correlated with human milk consumption, was found to be significantly different only at 1 month of age but not at later time points. No immunologic differences were found to be associated with supplementation, including the development of T-cell subsets, B cells, or monocytes. These data suggest that early formula supplementation, given in addition to breast milk, has minimal lasting impact on the gut microbiome or immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1614594318000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transient Effect of Infant Formula Supplementation on the Intestinal Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2539-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Lagares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana H.","family":"Taft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Laleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Kieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1320-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan B.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Hartigan-O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3117-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie J.","family":"Flaherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e827","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk","volume":"129","author":"Eidelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD003517","article-title":"Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding","volume":"2012","author":"Kramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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