{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:36:07Z","timestamp":1791995767349,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","award":["2007-403 04026."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2007-403 04026."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite being a focal issue to patients, the effect of diet on adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains underexplored with limited guidance. While promising clinical trials are currently underway, there is a need for further evidence-based recommendations. As such, we summarize the current evidence on various diets used in the treatment of IBD and also explore the potential applications of dietary data from related immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, to provide additional information to inform IBD providers. To date, there have been multiple diets investigated as adjunctive therapy in IBD, but many associated studies are small, non-randomized, and not controlled. Mediterranean, vegetarian\/vegan, and reduced-calorie\/fasting diets have been studied and have shown some positive results in other IMIDs, which may suggest potential applicability to those with IBD, but larger, well-designed clinical trials are needed for further guidance. Gluten-free and low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP)diets do not appear to have an impact on IBD disease activity, but low FODMAP may potentially be helpful for those with concurrent functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Specific carbohydrate diets have been mainly assessed in children but show some potential in small adult studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T20:51:42Z","timestamp":1615409502000},"page":"890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Therapeutic Implications of Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Related Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, M211, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolin","family":"Jarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, M211, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosima","family":"Layton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8405-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith F.","family":"Ashouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T.","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5104-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidhartha R.","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, M211, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.039","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1970 through 2010","volume":"15","author":"Shivashankar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.019","article-title":"Diet as a Trigger or Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"152","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000638","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Europe: Results from the EPIC Study","volume":"22","author":"Racine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.050","article-title":"A Prospective Study of Long-term Intake of Dietary Fiber and Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"145","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305304","article-title":"Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"63","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2311","article-title":"High School Diet and Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"21","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-018-0850-0","article-title":"Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: A prospective multi-center study","volume":"37","author":"Amarapurkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marion-Letellier, R., Amamou, A., Savoye, G., and Ghosh, S. (2019). Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Food Additives: To Add Fuel on the Flames!. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051111"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadhav, P., Jiang, Y., Jarr, K., Layton, C., Ashouri, J.F., and Sinha, S.R. (2020). Efficacy of Dietary Supplements in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Related Autoimmune Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072156"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000585","article-title":"Dietary Practices and Beliefs in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Limdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD012839","article-title":"Dietary interventions for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"Limketkai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"181","article-title":"Dining With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of the Literature on Diet in the Pathogenesis and Management of IBD","volume":"26","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.03.010","article-title":"Polymeric Diet Alone Versus Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Active Pediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Open-Label Trial","volume":"4","author":"Borrelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0815-0","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutrition induces early clinical, mucosal and transmural remission in paediatric Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Grover","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19260","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of elemental nutrition for the maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Tsertsvadze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Sinha, S. (2020, November 30). Effects of an Intermittent Reduced Calorie Diet on Crohn\u2019s Disease. ID NCT04147585, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04147585."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Sinha, S. (2020, November 30). The Influence of a Fasting Mimicking Diet on Ulcerative Colitis. ID NCT03615690, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03615690."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lewis, J.D. (2020, November 30). Trial of Specific Carbohydrate and Mediterranean Diets to Induce Remission of Crohn\u2019s Disease (DINE-CD). ID NCT03058679, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03058679."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Abreu, M. (2020, November 30). Diet Intervention for Crohn\u2019s Disease Patient. ID NCT04213729, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04213729."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.01.046","article-title":"Dietary Guidance From the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"18","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-019-00231-8","article-title":"Diet as Adjunctive Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Review and Update of the Latest Literature","volume":"17","author":"Damas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0273-0","article-title":"JAK\u2013STAT pathway targeting for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Salas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i43","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key276","article-title":"JAK-inhibitors. New players in the field of immune-mediated diseases, beyond rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7227","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i46.7227","article-title":"Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Danese","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000500116","article-title":"Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"37","author":"Cottone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S85194","article-title":"Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: Links and risks","volume":"6","author":"Bassukas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psoriasis Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000013351.60227.7b","article-title":"The emerging role of Mediterranean diets in cardiovascular epidemiology: Monounsaturated fats, olive oil, red wine or the whole pattern?","volume":"19","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0242-1","article-title":"Fad Diets: Hype or Hope?","volume":"7","author":"Kuchkuntla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708681","article-title":"Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet","volume":"359","author":"Shai","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01972-z","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Papada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.02.047","article-title":"Healthy Lifestyle Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"19","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-7-24","article-title":"Transcriptomics to study the effect of a Mediterranean-inspired diet on inflammation in Crohn\u2019s disease patients","volume":"7","author":"Marlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319505","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of later-onset Crohn\u2019s disease: Results from two large prospective cohort studies","volume":"69","author":"Khalili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.015","article-title":"A Diet Low in Red and Processed Meat Does Not Reduce Rate of Crohn\u2019s Disease Flares","volume":"157","author":"Albenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.065151","article-title":"A pilot study of a Mediterranean-type diet intervention in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis living in areas of social deprivation in Glasgow","volume":"66","author":"McKellar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1680-2","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A population-based case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Johansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.2127","article-title":"Association Between Mediterranean Anti-inflammatory Dietary Profile and Severity of Psoriasis: Results From the NutriNet-Sante Cohort","volume":"154","author":"Phan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-014-0372-1","article-title":"Nutrition and psoriasis: Is there any association between the severity of the disease and adherence to the Mediterranean diet?","volume":"13","author":"Barrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91770-U","article-title":"Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"338","author":"Borchgrevink","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02242946","article-title":"Vegetarian diet for patients with rheumatoid arthritis\u2014Status: Two years after introduction of the diet","volume":"13","author":"Haugen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/107555302753507195","article-title":"Effects of a Very Low-Fat, Vegan Diet in Subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"McDougall","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/40.10.1175","article-title":"A vegan diet free of gluten improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: The effects on arthritis correlate with a reduction in antibodies to food antigens","volume":"40","author":"Hafstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0183-4","article-title":"Dietary Behaviors in Psoriasis: Patient-Reported Outcomes from a U.S. National Survey","volume":"7","author":"Afifi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.024828","article-title":"Influence of dietary factors on the clinical course of ulcerative colitis: A prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Jowett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i20.2484","article-title":"Lifestyle-related disease in Crohn\u2019s disease: Relapse prevention by a semi-vegetarian diet","volume":"16","author":"Chiba","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000077","article-title":"Prevalence of a Gluten-free Diet and Improvement of Clinical Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Herfarth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619841249","article-title":"Vegetarian or gluten-free diets in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are associated with lower psychological well-being and a different gut microbiota, but no beneficial effects on the course of the disease","volume":"7","author":"Schreiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03240.x","article-title":"Psoriasis patients with antibodies to gliadin can be improved by a gluten-free diet","volume":"142","author":"Hagforsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000369615","article-title":"Association between Coeliac Disease and Psoriasis: Italian Primary Care Multicentre Study","volume":"230","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","article-title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease","volume":"381","author":"Mattson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.05.012","article-title":"A Periodic Diet that Mimics Fasting Promotes Multi-System Regeneration, Enhanced Cognitive Performance, and Healthspan","volume":"22","author":"Brandhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"239","article-title":"Ramadan fasting and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.103","article-title":"Psoriasis and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases: Potential Mechanistic Links between Skin Disease and Co-Morbid Conditions","volume":"130","author":"Davidovici","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.722","article-title":"Effect of weight loss on the severity of psoriasis: A randomized clinical study","volume":"149","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.125849","article-title":"Long-term effects of weight reduction on the severity of psoriasis in a cohort derived from a randomized trial: A prospective observational follow-up study","volume":"104","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Weight loss improves disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis and obesity: An interventional study","volume":"21","author":"Klingberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000322313","article-title":"Changes of Intestinal Microflora in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis during Fasting or a Mediterranean Diet","volume":"17","author":"Abendroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forsch. Komplement. Res. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michalsen, A., Riegert, M., L\u00fcdtke, R., B\u00e4cker, M., Langhorst, J., Schwickert, M., and Dobos, G.J. (2005). Mediterranean diet or extended fasting\u2019s influence on changing the intestinal microflora, immunoglobulin A secretion and clinical outcome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia: An observational study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-5-22"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Michalsen, A. (2020, November 30). Effectiveness of Therapeutic Fasting and Specific Diet in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (NutriFast). ID NCT03856190, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03856190."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000449","article-title":"Clinical and Mucosal Improvement With Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Pediatric Crohn Disease","volume":"59","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.08.025","article-title":"Specific carbohydrate diet for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in clinical practice within an academic IBD center","volume":"32","author":"Obih","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.04.016","article-title":"The Specific Carbohydrate Diet for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case Series","volume":"115","author":"Kakodkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4307-y","article-title":"Patients Perceive Clinical Benefit with the Specific Carbohydrate Diet for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"61","author":"Suskind","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2008.09.004","article-title":"Reduction of dietary poorly absorbed short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) improves abdominal symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease\u2014a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Gearry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000708","article-title":"Fermentable Carbohydrate Restriction (Low FODMAP Diet) in Clinical Practice Improves Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"22","author":"Prince","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i18.3356","article-title":"Low-FODMAP diet reduces irritable bowel symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Pedersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.09.024","article-title":"Effects of Low FODMAP Diet on Symptoms, Fecal Microbiome, and Markers of Inflammation in Patients With Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Randomized Trial","volume":"158","author":"Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx073","article-title":"Fermentable Carbohydrates [FODMAPs] Exacerbate Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over, Re-challenge Trial","volume":"11","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313750","article-title":"The low FODMAP diet: Recent advances in understanding its mechanisms and efficacy in IBS","volume":"66","author":"Staudacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"338","article-title":"Study design considerations for irritable bowel syndrome clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001221","article-title":"Efficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"23","author":"Konijeti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-5","article-title":"An anti-inflammatory diet as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: A case series report","volume":"13","author":"Olendzki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Fritsch, J., Garces, L., Quintero, M.A., Pignac-Kobinger, J., Santander, A.M., Fern\u00e1ndez, I., Ban, Y.J., Kwon, D., Phillips, M.C., and Knight, K. (2020). Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet Reduces Markers of Inflammation and Dysbiosis and Improves Quality of Life in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"212","article-title":"Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations","volume":"529","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wastyk, H.C., Fragiadakis, G.K., Perelman, D., Dahan, D., Merrill, B.D., Yu, F.B., Topf, M., Gonzalez, C.G., Robinson, J.L., and Elias, J.E. (2020). Gut Microbiota-Targeted Diets Modulate Human Immune Status. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.30.321448"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199911000-00004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice develop a primary intestinal permeability defect in response to enteric microflora","volume":"5","author":"Madsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.6.2359","article-title":"The germfree state prevents development of gut and joint inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rats","volume":"180","author":"Taurog","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32639","article-title":"Stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 differentially skews the balance of T cells in a mouse model of arthritis","volume":"118","author":"Joosten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.06.001","article-title":"Gut-Residing Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Drive Autoimmune Arthritis via T Helper 17 Cells","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041758","article-title":"A role for fungal {beta}-glucans and their receptor Dectin-1 in the induction of autoimmune arthritis in genetically susceptible mice","volume":"201","author":"Yoshitomi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90663-A","article-title":"Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn\u2019s disease in the neoterminal ileum","volume":"338","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-016-0187-3","article-title":"Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"659","article-title":"Dysbiosis-Induced Secondary Bile Acid Deficiency Promotes Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laing, B.B., Lim, A.G., and Ferguson, L.R. (2019). A Personalised Dietary Approach-A Way Forward to Manage Nutrient Deficiency, Effects of the Western Diet, and Food Intolerances in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071532"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3010063","article-title":"Vitamin A Metabolism: An Update","volume":"3","author":"Clugston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0652","article-title":"Association of the Vitamin D Metabolism Gene CYP27B1 With Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai8700","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aai8700","article-title":"Fasting-mimicking diet and markers\/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7868","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i35.7868","article-title":"Interaction of obesity and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Harper","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/3\/890\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:35:55Z","timestamp":1760160955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/3\/890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13030890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13030890","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]}}}