{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:27:50Z","timestamp":1791840470523,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prebiotic effect of high \u03b2-glucan barley (HGB) flour on the innate immune system of high-fat model mice was investigated. C57BL\/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with HGB flour for 90 days. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the cecum and serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Real-time PCR was used to determine mRNA expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 in the ileum as well as the composition of the microbiota in the cecum. Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and organic acids were analyzed by GC\/MS. Concentrations of sIgA in the cecum and serum were increased in the HGB group compared to the control. Gene expression levels of IL-10 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) significantly increased in the HGB group. HGB intake increased the bacterial count of microbiota, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Concentrations of propionate and lactate in the cecum were increased in the HGB group, and a positive correlation was found between these organic acids and the IL-10 expression level. Our findings showed that HGB flour enhanced immune function such as IgA secretion and IL-10 expression, even when the immune system was deteriorated by a high-fat diet. Moreover, we found that HGB flour modulated the gut microbiota, which increased the concentration of SCFAs, thereby stimulating the immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T05:38:22Z","timestamp":1615441102000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Ingestion of High \u03b2-Glucan Barley Flour Enhances the Intestinal Immune System of Diet-Induced Obese Mice by Prebiotic Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kento","family":"Mio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women\u2019s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan"},{"name":"Research and Development Department, Hakubaku Co. Ltd., Chuo-City, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nami","family":"Otake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women\u2019s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Hakubaku Co. Ltd., Chuo-City, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-7851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Hakubaku Co. Ltd., Chuo-City, Yamanashi 409-3843, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiichiro","family":"Aoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women\u2019s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002","article-title":"The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity","volume":"39","author":"Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00379","article-title":"Role of T Cells in Malnutrition and Obesity","volume":"5","author":"Gerriets","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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