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The study was a part of the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) prospective birth cohort including children genetically at risk of type 1 diabetes born between 1997\u20132004. The diets of 4879 mothers in late pregnancy were assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The outcomes were islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for energy, family history of diabetes, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype and sex was used for statistical analyses. Total intake of vitamin C or iron from food and supplements was not associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity (vitamin C: HR 0.91: 95% CI (0.80, 1.03), iron: 0.98 (0.87, 1.10)) or type 1 diabetes (vitamin C: 1.01 (0.87, 1.17), iron: 0.92 (0.78, 1.08)), neither was the use of vitamin C or iron supplements associated with the outcomes. In conclusion, no association was found between maternal vitamin C or iron intake during pregnancy and the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1615765926000},"page":"928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Maternal Vitamin C and Iron Intake during Pregnancy and the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Mattila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7115-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Hakola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Niinist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heli","family":"Tapanainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna-Mari","family":"Takkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Veijola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Research Center, Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12341","article-title":"Dietary factors in the development of type 1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Virtanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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