{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:17:46Z","timestamp":1789787866673,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and asthma are increasing in the developing world, related to a westernizing lifestyle, while the prevalence is stable and decreasing in the industrialized world. This paper aims to answer the question if prevention and\/or treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma can be achieved by administrating pro-, pre- and\/or synbiotics that might contribute to stabilizing the disturbed microbiome that influences the immune system through the gut\u2013lung axis. We searched for relevant English articles in PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles interesting for the topic were selected using subject heading and key words. Interesting references in included articles were also considered. While there is substantial evidence from animal studies in well controlled conditions that selected probiotic strains may offer benefits in the prevention of wheezing and asthma, outcomes from clinical studies in infants (including as well pre- and postnatal administration) are disappointing. The latter may be related to the multiple confounding factors such as environment, strain selection and dosage, moment of administration and genetic background. There is little evidence to recommend administration of pro, pre- or synbiotics in the prevention of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1615765926000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Prevention and Management with Pro-, Pre and Synbiotics in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lien","family":"Meirlaen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira Ingrid","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Vandenplas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69283-0","article-title":"Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys","volume":"368","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2015.12.002","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis: Burden of illness, quality of life, comorbidities, and control","volume":"36","author":"Meltzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2017). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390, 1211\u20131259."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To, T., Stanojevic, S., Moores, G., Gershon, A.S., Bateman, E.D., Cruz, A.A., and Boulet, L.-P. (2012). Global asthma prevalence in adults: Findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-204"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201249","article-title":"Gender differences in prevalence, diagnosis and incidence of allergic and non-allergic asthma: A population-based cohort","volume":"67","author":"Leynaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33311-1","article-title":"Asthma","volume":"391","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111864","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds may be associated with oxidative DNA damage-mediated childhood asthma","volume":"210","author":"Kuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enilari, O., and Sinha, S. (2019). The global impact of asthma in adult populations. Ann. Glob. Health, 85.","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2412"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S171401","article-title":"Parental nicotine replacement therapy and offspring bronchitis\/bronchiolitis and asthma\u2014A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Molero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww125","article-title":"Chronic noncommunicable diseases in 6 Low- and middle-income countries: Findings from wave 1 of the world health organization\u2019s study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE)","volume":"185","author":"Arokiasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.01.010","article-title":"Prevention is the best remedy: What can we do to stop allergic disease?","volume":"8","author":"Matsui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2018.1561893","article-title":"Association between probiotic supplementation and asthma incidence in infants: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713s","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.113761","article-title":"Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: Prevention and management of allergic diseases by probiotics","volume":"140","author":"Antoine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E666","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0246","article-title":"Probiotic administration in early life, atopy, and asthma: A meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"132","author":"Elazab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02223-06","article-title":"Molecular fingerprinting of the fecal microbiota of children raised according to different lifestyles","volume":"73","author":"Dicksved","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00479.x","article-title":"Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer\u2019s children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss study on childhood allergy and respiratory symptoms with respect to air pollution","volume":"29","author":"Gassner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007302","article-title":"Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma","volume":"364","author":"Ege","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv039","article-title":"Potential role of the intestinal microbiota in programming health and disease","volume":"73","author":"Goulet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32835a3500","article-title":"Functions of intestinal microflora in children","volume":"29","author":"Buccigrossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"309","article-title":"Effect of administration of Lactobacillus casei strain GG on the gastrointestinal microbiota of newborns","volume":"6","author":"Sepp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200426","article-title":"Gut microbiome a promising target for management of respiratory diseases","volume":"477","author":"Trivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervantes-Garc\u00eda, D., Jim\u00e9nez, M., Rivas-Santiago, C.E., Gallegos-Alcal\u00e1, P., Hern\u00e1ndez-Mercado, A., Santoyo-Pay\u00e1n, L.S., Loera-Arias, M.J., Saucedo-Cardenas, O., Montes de Oca-Luna, R., and Salinas, E. (2020). Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 prevents asthmatic airway inflammation and remodelling in rats through the improvement of intestinal barrier function and systemic TGF-\u03b2 production. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1159\/000511146"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1766345","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic prevents airway function deterioration and promotes gut microbiome resilience in a murine asthma model","volume":"11","author":"Spacova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686739","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/686739","article-title":"Intragastric and intranasal administration of -Lactobacillus paracasei- NCC2461 modulates allergic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"2012","author":"Pellaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13502","article-title":"Intranasal administration of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG prevents birch pollen-induced allergic asthma in a murine model","volume":"74","author":"Spacova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamalkandi, S.A., Ahmadi, A., Ahrari, I., Salimian, J., Karimi, M., and Ghanei, M. (2020). Oral and nasal probiotic administration for the prevention and alleviation of allergic diseases, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nutr. Res. Rev., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422420000116"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terada-Ikeda, C., Kitabatake, M., Hiraku, A., Kato, K., Yasui, S., Imakita, N., Ouji-Sageshima, N., Iwabuchi, N., Hamada, K., and Ito, T. (2020). Maternal supplementation with Bifidobacterium breve M-16V prevents their offspring from allergic airway inflammation accelerated by the prenatal exposure to an air pollutant aerosol. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238923"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00165","article-title":"Probiotics in asthma and allergy prevention","volume":"5","author":"Mennini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02629.x","article-title":"Probiotic-induced suppression of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation is associated with an increase of T regulatory-dependent mechanisms in a murine model of asthma","volume":"37","author":"Feleszko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1211.11079","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and anti-allergic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus species in ovalbumin-sensitized mice","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00392","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03437.x","article-title":"Bacterial strain-specific induction of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells is protective in murine allergy models","volume":"40","author":"Lyons","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.T., Anvari, S., and Anagnostou, K. (2019). The role of probiotics in preventing allergic disease. Children, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/children6020024"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.08.001","article-title":"Bugging allergy; role of pre-, pro- and synbiotics in allergy prevention","volume":"66","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12413","article-title":"Preventive effects of selected probiotic strains on the development of asthma and allergic rhinitis in childhood. The Panda study","volume":"44","author":"Gorissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25954-z","article-title":"Long term extension of a randomised controlled trial of probiotics using electronic health records","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12982","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in early life on the cumulative prevalence of allergic disease to 11 years","volume":"29","author":"Wickens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2018.10.6.575","article-title":"Probiotics as a potential immunomodulating pharmabiotics in allergic diseases: Current status and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e920583","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis relieves allergic asthma in mice by regulating Th1\/Th2","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60219-0","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"101","author":"Vliagoftis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, R.R., Naik, S.S., and Singh, M. (2013). Probiotics as additives on therapy in allergic airway diseases: A systematic review of benefits and risks. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/231979"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.06.047","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision","volume":"126","author":"Brozek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12700","article-title":"Probiotics for prevention of atopic diseases in infants: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Zuccotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12924","article-title":"Perinatal probiotics decreased eczema up to 10 years of age, but at 5\u201310 years, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis was increased","volume":"47","author":"Peldan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4192","article-title":"The role of probiotics in prevention and treatment for patients with allergic rhinitis: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4227","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic supplementary therapy for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and wheeze: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2152656720911605","article-title":"The microbiome of the nose-friend or foe?","volume":"11","author":"Soares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.12.014","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and adverse effect monitoring in allergic rhinitis","volume":"115","author":"Juniper","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27858","article-title":"Add-on probiotics in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis: A randomized crossover clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Jalali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0928-8","article-title":"The development of allergic inflammation in a murine house dust mite asthma model is suppressed by synbiotic mixtures of non-digestible oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V","volume":"55","author":"Verheijden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3181f234d4","article-title":"Probiotics in treatment of allergic rhinitis","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2015.29.4257","article-title":"Probiotics in prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis","volume":"29","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4354","article-title":"Do probiotics have a role in the treatment of allergic rhinitis? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Muluk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.6.744","article-title":"Efficacy of probiotic in perennial allergic rhinitis under five year children: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22438","article-title":"Probiotic extracts ameliorate nasal allergy by inducing interleukin-35-producing dendritic cells in mice","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0119","article-title":"Nasal instillation of probiotic extracts inhibits experimental allergic rhinitis","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"23","article-title":"Probiotics-impregnated bedding covers in house dust mite allergic rhinitis patients: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial","volume":"72","author":"Berings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.001","article-title":"The functional biology of human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"91","author":"Bode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12650","article-title":"Attenuation of food allergy symptoms following treatment with human milk oligosaccharides in a mouse model","volume":"70","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodge, C.J., Lowe, A.J., Milanzi, E., Bowatte, G., Abramson, M.J., Tsimiklis, H., Axelrad, C., Robertson, B., Darling, A.E., and Svanes, C. (2020). Human milk oligosaccharide profiles and allergic disease up to 18 years. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.027"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-016-0102-7","article-title":"World allergy organization-McMaster university guidelines for allergic disease prevention (GLAD-P): Prebiotics","volume":"9","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13276","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of different young child formulas on upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in Chinese toddlers","volume":"31","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f6471","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of asthma and wheeze: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"347","author":"Azad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02416.x","article-title":"Synbiotics prevent asthma-like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis","volume":"66","author":"Heymans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabana, M.D., McKean, M., Caughey, A.B., Fong, L., Lynch, S., Wong, A., Leong, R., Boushey, H.A., and Hilton, J.F. (2017). Early probiotic supplementation for eczema and asthma prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 140.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3000"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanzad, M., Mostashari, K.M., Ghaffaripour, H., Emami, H., Limouei, S.R., and Velayati, A.A. (2019). Synbiotics and treatment of asthma: A Double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Galen Med. J., 8.","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v8i.1350"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_543_18","article-title":"A significant decrease in the gene expression of interleukin-17 following the administration of synbiotic in patients with allergic rhinitis who underwent immunotherapy: A placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Dehnavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.839665","article-title":"The effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on Th17 cells","volume":"32","author":"Tanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.007","article-title":"The microbiome in allergic disease: Current understanding and future opportunities-2017 PRACTALL document of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":"139","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/3\/934\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:35:28Z","timestamp":1760160928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/3\/934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13030934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13030934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]]}}}