{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:07:22Z","timestamp":1792494442571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A potential role of vitamin D in some components of mental health is currently suggested, but the analyses are conducted mainly for adults, while for young individuals mental health is especially important, due to its lifelong effects. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between vitamin D intake or status and mental health in children within a systematic review of literature, including both intervention and observational studies. The literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and it covered peer-reviewed studies included in databases of PubMed and Web of Science until October 2019. The studies presenting either vitamin D intake, or vitamin D status in human subjects were allowed (excluding subjects with intellectual disabilities, eating disorders and neurological disorders), while for mental health the various methods of assessment and wide scope of factors were included. The bias was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS). The review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020155779). A number of 7613 studies after duplicate removing were extracted by two independent researchers, followed by screening and assessment for eligibility, conducted by two independent researchers in two steps (based on title and abstract). Afterwards, the full texts were obtained and after reviewing, a number of 24 studies were included. The synthetic description of the results was prepared, structured around exposure (vitamin D supplementation\/status) and outcome (components of mental health). The included studies were conducted either in groups of healthy individuals, or individuals with mental health problems, and they assessed following issues: behavior problems, violence behaviors, anxiety, depressive symptoms\/depression, aggressive disorder, psychotic features, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, suicidal incident, as well as general patterns, as follows: mental health, level of distress, quality of life, well-being, mood, sleep patterns. The vast majority of assessed studies, including the most prominent ones (based on the NOS score) supported potential positive influence of vitamin D on mental health in children. As a limitation of the analysis, it should be indicated that studies conducted so far presented various studied groups, outcomes and psychological measures, so more studies are necessary to facilitate comparisons and deepen the observations. Nevertheless, vitamin D intake within a properly balanced diet or as a supplementation, except for a safe sun exposure, should be indicated as an element supporting mental health in children, so it should be recommended to meet the required 25(OH)cholecalciferol blood level in order to prevent or alleviate mental health problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1615896062000},"page":"952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["The Influence of Vitamin D Intake and Status on Mental Health in Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"G\u0142\u0105bska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7044-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ko\u0142ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7318-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5818-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Skolmowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7984-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Stacho\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-3604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Guzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00559-4","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency: Defining, prevalence, causes, and strategies of addressing","volume":"106","author":"Cashman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and Del Valle, H.B. (2011). Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, National Academies Press (US). The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu093","article-title":"National osteoporosis society vitamin D guideline summary","volume":"43","author":"Aspray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin d deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutritions and Allergies (NDA) (2016). Dietary reference values for vitamin D. EFSA J., 14, e04547.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4547"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12108","article-title":"Vitamin D: An overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Spiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e013161","article-title":"Potential determinants of vitamin D in Finnish adults: A cross-sectional study from the Northern Finland birth cohort 1966","volume":"7","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. Open"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151415","article-title":"The positive impact of general vitamin D food fortification policy on vitamin D status in a representative adult Finnish population: Evidence from an 11-y follow-up based on standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D data","volume":"105","author":"Itkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05122-3","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of vitamin D and calcium in preventing osteoporotic fractures","volume":"39","author":"Eleni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Fang, F., Tang, J., Jia, L., Feng, Y., Xu, P., and Faramand, A. (2019). Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. Med. J., 366.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4673"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302034","article-title":"Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"104","author":"Garland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69762-w","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation effects on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bahrami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1708","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on prevention of type 2 diabetes in patients with prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolliffe, D.A., Camargo, C.A., Sluyter, J.D., Aglipay, M., Aloia, J.F., Ganmaa, D., Bergman, P., Borzutzky, A., Damsgaard, C.T., and Dubnov-Raz, G. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2020-BTSabstracts.105"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"415","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.12.008","article-title":"Vitamin D serum levels in patients with migraine: A meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Liampas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.12.077","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23025","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.10.023","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and health-related quality of life: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"115","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.017","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"31","author":"Gowda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3450","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in depression in adults: A systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041501","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws","volume":"6","author":"Spedding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_571_17","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"65","author":"Vellekkatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.106666","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Anglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0418-0","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ju","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000044","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004). Promoting Mental Health. Concepts, Emerging, Evidence. Practice Summary Report, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142\u0105bska, D., Guzek, D., Groele, B., and Gutkowska, K. (2020). Fruit and vegetable intake and mental health in adults: A systematic review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010115"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00918","article-title":"Children and adolescents mental health: A systematic review of interaction-based interventions in schools and communities","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.2-159.v1","article-title":"Do children with mental disorders have higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D?","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0949-3","article-title":"Vitamin D and mental health in children and adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Antel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000538405.48824.fb","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves health related quality of life in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"50","author":"Dougherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2020.04.007","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves health-related quality of life and physical performance in children with sickle cell disease and in healthy children","volume":"34","author":"Dougherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2021, February 04). Assessing Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies. Available online: http:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2021, February 04). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S., Kong, T.H., and Han, W. (2020). The Effects of short-term and long-term hearing changes on music exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062091"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2018.10.006","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) in 6\u201313 year-old students: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Naeini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2017.1334736","article-title":"High dose vitamin D supplementation is associated with a reduction in depression score among adolescent girls: A nine-week follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Bahrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12353","article-title":"Linking vitamin D status, executive functioning and self-perceived mental health in adolescents through multivariate analysis: A randomized double-blind placebo control trial","volume":"58","author":"Grung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"14691","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and serum vitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Guler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0110","article-title":"Vitamin D3 supplemental treatment for mania in youth with bipolar spectrum disorders","volume":"25","author":"Sikoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02655.x","article-title":"Depressed adolescents in a case-series were low in vitamin D and depression was ameliorated by vitamin D supplementation","volume":"101","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz185","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in middle childhood is related to behavior problems in adolescence","volume":"1","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9830","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009830","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin A and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) as reflectors of pulmonary function and quality of life (QOL) in children with stable asthma: A case-control study","volume":"97","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24451-7","article-title":"Low serum levels of vitamin D are associated with anxiety in children and adolescents with dialysis","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v17i12.24","article-title":"Urinary iodine and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with depression in adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0109-7","article-title":"Bipolar disorder in youth is associated with increased levels of vitamin D-binding protein","volume":"8","author":"Petrov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2017.1406985","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"72","author":"Yazici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.032","article-title":"Vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"254","author":"Yaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husmann, C., Frank, M., Schmidt, B., J\u00f6ckel, K.H., Antel, J., Reissner, V., Libuda, L., Hebebrand, J., and F\u00f6cker, M. (2017). Low 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations are associated with emotional and behavioral problems in German children and adolescents. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183091"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001598","article-title":"Vitamin D status, cardiometabolic, liver, and mental health status in obese youth attending a pediatric weight management center","volume":"65","author":"MacDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1365","article-title":"The association between depression and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Karabel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-016-1334-2","article-title":"Association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D with mental well-being in a population-based, nationally representative sample of German adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"62","article-title":"The association of vitamin D deficiency with psychiatric distress and violence behaviors in Iranian adolescents: The CASPIAN-III study","volume":"22","author":"Qorbani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2013.01.012","article-title":"Vitamin D and depressive symptoms in children with cystic fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182821e91","article-title":"Bone density characteristics and major depressive disorder in adolescents","volume":"75","author":"Fazeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracious, B.L., Finucane, T.L., Friedman-Campbell, M., Messing, S., and Parkhurst, M.N. (2012). Vitamin D deficiency and psychotic features in mentally ill adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-38"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolppanen, A.M., Sayers, A., Fraser, W.D., Lewis, G., Zammit, S., and Lawlor, D.A. (2012). The association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 with behavioural problems in childhood. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040097"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02518.x","article-title":"The association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and D2 with depressive symptoms in childhood\u2014A prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Tolppanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_160_19","article-title":"Vitamin D and Depression: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence and Future Directions","volume":"42","author":"Menon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhangi, M.A., Mesgari-Abbasi, M., Nameni, G., Hajiluian, G., and Shahabi, P. (2017). The effects of vitamin D administration on brain inflammatory markers in high fat diet induced obese rats. BMC Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-017-0400-1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17210","article-title":"Distribution of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor immunoreactivity in the limbic system of the rat","volume":"33","author":"Walbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2005.20.3.495","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and Parkinson\u2019s disease in Koreans","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3727\/105221608786883799","article-title":"The role of neurotrophins during early development","volume":"14","author":"Bernd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2582-7","article-title":"Circulating proinflammatory cytokines are elevated and peak power output correlates with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in vitamin D insufficient adults","volume":"113","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-9-65","article-title":"Vitamin D in health and disease: Current perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.05.011","article-title":"Vitamin D for health: A global perspective","volume":"88","author":"Holick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20388","article-title":"Has increased provision of treatment reduced the prevalence of common mental disorders? Review of the evidence from four countries","volume":"16","author":"Jorm","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890","article-title":"Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: Reporting guideline","volume":"368","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00220.x","article-title":"Vitamin D and the occurrence of depression: Causal association or circumstantial evidence?","volume":"67","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840903437657","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression: Where is all the sunshine?","volume":"31","author":"Penckofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steardo, L., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Carbone, E.A., Caivano, V., Di Cerbo, A., Giallonardo, V., Palummo, C., Vece, A., and Del Vecchio, V. (2020). Clinical severity and calcium metabolism in patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070417"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/3\/952\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:17Z","timestamp":1760160977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/3\/952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13030952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13030952","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}