{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T05:25:44Z","timestamp":1793510744772,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,30]],"date-time":"2021-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SPANISH AIDS Research Network (RIS)","award":["RD16\/0025\/0002 and RD16\/0025\/0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0025\/0002 and RD16\/0025\/0013"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO)","award":["SAF2015-66193-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF2015-66193-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The health effects of a supplemented Mediterranean diet (SMD) with extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) and nuts are well documented in non-HIV-infected individuals. We hypothesised that the benefits of an SMD could be mediated by changes in the gut microbiota, even in those with an altered intestinal microbiota such as people living with HIV. Design: Individuals living with HIV (n = 102) were randomised to receive an SMD with 50 g\/day of EVOO and 30 g\/day of walnuts (SMD group) or continue with their regular diet (control group) for 12 weeks. Methods: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using the validated 14-item MD-Adherence-Screener (MEDAS) from the PREDIMED study. A sub-study classifying the participants according to their MEDAS scores was performed. Results: The lipid profile was improved in the SMD group vs. that in the control group (delta-total cholesterol and delta-B-lipoprotein). The immune activation (CD4+HLADR+CD38+ and CD8+HLADR+CD38+ cells) and IFN-\u03b3-producing T-cells significantly decreased at week 12 compared to the baseline in the SMD group but not in the control group. The gut microbiota in those from the high-adherence group presented significantly high diversity and richness at the end of the intervention. Succinivibrio and Bifidobacterium abundances were influenced by the adherence to the MD and significantly correlated with Treg cells. Conclusion: The Mediterranean diet improved metabolic parameters, immune activation, Treg function, and the gut microbiota composition in HIV-1-infected individuals. Further, Mediterranean diet increased the Bifidobacterium abundances after the intervention, and it was associated to a beneficial profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:13:10Z","timestamp":1617149590000},"page":"1141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Adherence to a Supplemented Mediterranean Diet Drives Changes in the Gut Microbiota of HIV-1-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0787-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roque","family":"Pastor-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9526-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Blanco-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florencia","family":"Etcheverry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonsoles","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Palomino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"D\u00edez-Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0211-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER 06\/03: Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidady la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Navarrete-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, M\u00f3stoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Castro-Barquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036 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Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria-Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, M\u00f3stoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Noguera-Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, 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