{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:28:46Z","timestamp":1790850526016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["251638, 628582 and 299831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251638, 628582 and 299831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-associated chronic, low grade systemic inflammation has been recognised as an important contributing factor in the development of sarcopenia; importantly, diet may regulate this process. This cross-sectional study examined the association of diet-related inflammation with components of sarcopenia. Participants (n = 809) aged 60\u201395 years from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study were studied. Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In this study, low appendicular lean mass (ALM\/height2, kg\/m2) was defined as T-score &lt; \u22121 and low muscle function as Timed-Up-and-Go &gt;10 s over 3 m (TUG &gt; 10). Dietary inflammatory index (DII\u00ae) scores, based on specific foods and nutrients, were computed using dietary data collected from a food frequency questionnaire. Associations between DII scores and low muscle mass and low muscle function, alone and combined, were determined using linear and logistic regression. After adjusting for covariates, higher DII score was associated with lower ALM\/height2 (\u03b2 \u22120.05, standard error (SE) 0.02, p = 0.028), and higher natural log-transformed (ln) (TUG) (\u03b2 0.02, standard error 0.01, p = 0.035) and higher likelihood for these components combined (odds ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.69, p = 0.015). A pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by higher DII score, is associated with lower muscle mass, poorer muscle function and increased likelihood for the combination of low muscle mass and low muscle function. Further studies investigating whether anti-inflammatory dietary interventions could reduce the risk of sarcopenia are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T10:44:01Z","timestamp":1617273841000},"page":"1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Low Muscle Mass and Low Muscle Function in Older Australians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0658-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlene","family":"Gojanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara L.","family":"Holloway-Kew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0693-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie K.","family":"Hyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Pasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine-Western Health, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia"},{"name":"University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-45","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Burden and challenges for public health","volume":"72","author":"Beaudart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12177","article-title":"Musculoskeletal decline and mortality: Prospective data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"8","author":"Pasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-7182.1000465","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and falls in the elderly","volume":"7","author":"Pasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0014-2","article-title":"An overview of sarcopenia: Facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact","volume":"1","author":"Morley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/crt2.22","article-title":"Definition-specific prevalence estimates for sarcopenia in an Australian population: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"5","author":"Sui","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCSM Clin. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0161-y","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: Facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014","volume":"5","author":"Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duque, G. (2019). Age-related changes in muscle and bone. Osteosarcopenia: Bone, Muscle and Fat Interactions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25890-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-016-0220-9","article-title":"The future prevalence of sarcopenia in Europe: A claim for public health action","volume":"100","author":"Ethgen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.006","article-title":"Inflammation and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Bano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00409","article-title":"Mediators and patterns of muscle loss in chronic systemic inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Largo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8426874","article-title":"An update on inflamm-aging: Mechanisms, prevention, and treatment","volume":"2016","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-016-0022-5","article-title":"Age-related sarcopenia and its pathophysiological bases","volume":"36","author":"Ogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12035","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: A systematic literature review","volume":"71","author":"Barbaresko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511005460","article-title":"Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity","volume":"106","author":"Calder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003815","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory dietary intake as a risk factor for CVD in men: A 5-year longitudinal study","volume":"114","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3070","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index, bone mineral density and risk of fracture in postmenopausal women: Results from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"32","author":"Orchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.08.006","article-title":"The relationship between the dietary inflammatory index and incident frailty: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Shivappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.013","article-title":"The inflammatory potential of diet is related to incident frailty and slow walking in older adults","volume":"39","author":"Laclaustra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1263752","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and risk of colorectal adenoma recurrence: A pooled analysis","volume":"69","author":"Steck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00649-2","article-title":"Inflammatory potential of the diet and risk of sarcopenia and its components","volume":"19","author":"Bagheri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.A., Mohebbi, M., Collier, F., Loughman, A., Shivappa, N., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Pasco, J.A., and Jacka, F.N. (2021). Diet quality and a traditional dietary pattern predict lean mass in Australian women: Longitudinal data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Prev. Med. Rep., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101316"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.02.031","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between dietary inflammatory index and musculoskeletal health in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"39","author":"Cervo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.18-10","article-title":"Relationship between osteosarcopenic obesity and dietary inflammatory index in postmenopausal women: 2009 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr148","article-title":"Cohort profile: Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"41","author":"Pasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willett, W. (2013). Nutritional Epidemiology, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199754038.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x","article-title":"The timed \u201cUp & Go\u201d: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons","volume":"39","author":"Podsiadlo","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9830-7","article-title":"Total and appendicular lean mass reference ranges for Australian men and women: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"94","author":"Gould","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Giles, C.G., and Ireland, P.D. (1996). Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies (Version 2), The Cancer Council Victoria."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"318","article-title":"Can a food frequency questionnaire be used to capture dietary intake data in a 4 week clinical intervention trial?","volume":"13","author":"Xinying","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2000.tb00520.x","article-title":"The Anti Cancer Council of Victoria FFQ: Relative validity of nutrient intakes compared with weighed food records in young to middle-aged women in a study of iron supplementation","volume":"24","author":"Hodge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002565","article-title":"A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS)","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.03.009","article-title":"Construct validation of the dietary inflammatory index among postmenopausal women","volume":"25","author":"Tabung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400395X","article-title":"Associations between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the Asklepios Study","volume":"113","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0775-1","article-title":"Construct validation of the dietary inflammatory index among African Americans","volume":"21","author":"Wirth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110569","article-title":"Validating the dietary inflammatory index using inflammatory biomarkers in a Japanese population: A cross-sectional study of the JPHC-FFQ validation study","volume":"69","author":"Kotemori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1315","article-title":"The relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and muscle mass and strength in Chinese children aged 6\u20139 years","volume":"27","author":"Amakye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3665-9","article-title":"Measurements of skeletal muscle mass and power are positively related to a Mediterranean dietary pattern in women","volume":"27","author":"Kelaiditi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.05.003","article-title":"Diet and its relationship to sarcopenia in community dwelling iranian elderly: A cross sectional study","volume":"31","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., and Park, Y. (2018). Association between the dietary inflammatory index and risk of frailty in older individuals with poor nutritional status. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101363"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.12.023","article-title":"Quality of diet and level of physical performance related to inflammatory markers in community-dwelling frail, elderly people","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.11.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2013.840255","article-title":"Dietary patterns and sarcopenia in an urban African American and white population in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Mason","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.12.004","article-title":"A prospective cohort study to examine the association between dietary patterns and sarcopenia in Chinese community-dwelling older people in Hong Kong","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu028","article-title":"Association of vegetables and fruits consumption with sarcopenia in older adults: The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.01.009","article-title":"Effects of dietary patterns and low protein intake on sarcopenia risk in the very old: The Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"39","author":"Granic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dietary inflammatory index: A new tool for assessing diet quality based on inflammatory potential","volume":"49","author":"Steck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digest"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.02.011","article-title":"Association between diet inflammatory index and osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly Chinese population","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1164-3","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index, pre-frailty and frailty among older US adults: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2014","volume":"23","author":"Resciniti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610385703","article-title":"Diet and inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Galland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006189","article-title":"Considering the value of dietary assessment data in informing nutrition-related health policy","volume":"5","author":"Hurley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2008.60","article-title":"Nutrition in advanced age: Dietary assessment in the Newcastle 85+ study","volume":"63","author":"Adamson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16372","article-title":"Sarcopenia Definition: The Position Statements of the Sarcopenia Definition and Outcomes Consortium","volume":"68","author":"Bhasin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy071","article-title":"Perspective: The dietary inflammatory index (DII)\u2014Lessons learned, improvements made, and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Shivappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"605","article-title":"Homogeneity in nutritional exposure: An impediment in cancer epidemiology","volume":"79","author":"Wynder","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/4\/1166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:56:00Z","timestamp":1760363760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/4\/1166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13041166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13041166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}