{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:20:44Z","timestamp":1791951644841,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["zzz"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["zzz"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dopamine, a key neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system participating in the homeostatic balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, is involved in food intake regulation. Objective: We investigated whether dopamine is altered by acute fasting or overfeeding diets with varying macronutrient content. Design: Ninety-nine healthy subjects underwent 24-h dietary interventions including eucaloric feeding, fasting, and five different overfeeding diets in a crossover design. Overfeeding diets (200% of eucaloric requirements) included one diet with 3%-protein (low-protein high-fat overfeeding\u2014LPF: 46%-fat), three diets with 20%-protein, and a diet with 30%-protein (44%-fat). Urine was collected for 24 h and urinary dopamine concentration was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentration, an indirect marker of parasympathetic activity, was measured prior to and after each diet after an overnight fast. Results: During 24-h of fasting, dopamine decreased on average by ~14% compared to eucaloric conditions, whereas PP increased by two-fold (both p &lt; 0.001). Lower dopamine during 24-h fasting correlated with increased PP (r = \u22120.40, p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, on average urinary dopamine decreased during LPF by 14% (p &lt; 0.001) and lower dopamine correlated with increased PP (r = \u22120.31, p = 0.01). No changes in dopamine and PP concentrations were observed during other overfeeding diets (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Dopamine concentrations decrease during short-term fasting and overfeeding with a low-protein diet. As both dietary conditions have in common protein deficit, the correlation between dopamine and PP suggests a compensatory mechanism underlying the shift from sympathetic to parasympathetic drive during dietary protein deprivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T21:27:44Z","timestamp":1617917264000},"page":"1234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Urinary Dopamine Excretion Rate Decreases during Acute Dietary Protein Deprivation and Is Associated with Increased Plasma Pancreatic Polypeptide Concentration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Basolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hollstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Krakoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2774-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Piaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2007.00412.x","article-title":"Central and peripheral neuroendocrine peptides and signalling in appetite regulation: Considerations for obesity pharmacotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Atkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obes. 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