{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:17:49Z","timestamp":1785838669567,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]],"date-time":"2021-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programma Triennale di Ricerca","award":["Decreto 1588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Decreto 1588"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium effects on proteinuria are debated. This observational, cross-sectional, population-based study investigated relationships to proteinuria and albuminuria of sodium intake assessed as urinary sodium\/creatinine ratio (NaCR). In 482 men and 454 women aged 35\u201394 years from the Moli-sani study, data were collected for the following: urinary NaCR (independent variable); urinary total proteins\/creatinine ratio (PCR, mg\/g), urinary albumin\/creatinine ratio (ACR, mg\/g), and urinary non-albumin-proteins\/creatinine ratio (calculated as PCR minus ACR) (dependent variables). High values were defined as PCR \u2265 150 mg\/g, ACR \u2265 30 mg\/g, and urinary non-albumin-proteins\/creatinine ratio \u2265 120 mg\/g. Urinary variables were measured in first-void morning urine. Skewed variables were log-transformed in analyses. The covariates list included sex, age, energy intake, body mass index, waist\/hip ratio, estimated urinary creatinine excretion, smoking, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, reported treatment with antihypertensive drug, inhibitor or blocker of the renin-angiotensin system, diuretic, and log-transformed data of total physical activity, leisure physical activity, alcohol intake, and urinary ratios of urea nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus to creatinine. In multivariable linear regression, standardized beta coefficients of urinary NaCR were positive with PCR (women and men = 0.280 and 0.242, 95% confidence interval = 0.17\/0.39 and 0.13\/0.35, p &lt; 0.001), ACR (0.310 and 0.265, 0.20\/0.42 and 0.16\/0.38, p &lt; 0.001), and urinary non-albumin-proteins\/creatinine ratio (0.247 and 0.209, 0.14\/0.36 and 0.09\/0.33, p &lt; 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression, higher quintile of urinary NaCR associated with odds ratio of 1.81 for high PCR (1.55\/2.12, p &lt; 0.001), 0.51 of 1.62 for high ACR (1.35\/1.95, p &lt; 0.001), and of 1.84 for high urinary non-albumin proteins\/creatinine ratio (1.58\/2.16, p &lt; 0.001). Findings were consistent in subgroups. Data indicate independent positive associations of an index of sodium intake with proteinuria and albuminuria in the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:52:00Z","timestamp":1618206720000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sodium Intake and Proteinuria\/Albuminuria in the Population\u2014Observational, Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6409-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3111-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Sistemi Complessi, Centro Nazionale Ricerche, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2366-0944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Zulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosangela","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4569-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Magnacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Di Castelnuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licia","family":"Iacoviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of Moli-Sani Study Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group (2012). 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