{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:51:54Z","timestamp":1792018314295,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EO1501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EO1501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014913","name":"Freistaat Sachsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["budget approved by the state parliament"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["budget approved by the state parliament"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014913","name":"Freistaat Sachsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Excellence Initiative"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Excellence Initiative"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Regional Development Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Regional Development Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the high prevalence of childhood overweight, school-based programs aiming at nutritional behavior may be a good starting point for community-based interventions. Therefore, we investigated associations between school-related meal patterns and weight status in 1215 schoolchildren. Anthropometry was performed on-site in schools. Children reported their meal habits, and parents provided family-related information via questionnaires. Associations between nutritional behavior and weight status were estimated using hierarchical linear and logistic regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, socio\u2013economic status, school type, migration background, and parental weight status. Having breakfast was associated with a lower BMI-SDS (\u03b2adj = \u22120.51, p = 0.004) and a lower risk of being overweight (ORadj = 0.30, p = 0.009), while having two breakfasts resulting in stronger associations (BMI-SDS: \u03b2adj = \u22120.66, p &lt; 0.001; risk of overweight: ORadj = 0.22, p = 0.001). Likewise, children who regularly skipped breakfast on school days showed stronger associations (BMI-SDS: \u03b2 = 0.49, p &lt; 0.001; risk of overweight: OR = 3.29, p &lt; 0.001) than children who skipped breakfast only occasionally (BMI-SDS: \u03b2 = 0.43, p &lt; 0.001; risk of overweight: OR = 2.72, p = 0.032). The associations persisted after controlling for parental SES and weight status. Therefore, our data confirm the school setting as a suitable starting point for community-based interventions and may underline the necessity of national programs providing free breakfast and lunch to children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T06:35:53Z","timestamp":1618814153000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["And yet Again: Having Breakfast Is Positively Associated with Lower BMI and Healthier General Eating Behavior in Schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peggy","family":"Ober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Sobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Spielau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Kiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Meigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Poulain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Igel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Social Work, University of Applied Science, Altonaer Str. 25, 99085 Erfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Lipek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2051-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mandy","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE Child, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Ph-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e199","article-title":"Age-Specific Stabilization in Obesity Prevalence in German Children: A Cross-Sectional Study from 1999 to 2008","volume":"6","author":"Meigen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. IJPO Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017002257","article-title":"Further Stabilization and Even Decrease in the Prevalence Rates of Overweight and Obesity in German Children and Adolescents from 2005 to 2015: A Cross-Sectional and Trend Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192430","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2430","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends of Overweight and Obesity in European Children from 1999 to 2016","volume":"173","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2018). Robert Koch-Institut. Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Germany. Results of the Cross-Sectional KiGGS Wave 2 Study and Trends. J. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803527","article-title":"Acceleration of BMI in Early Childhood and Risk of Sustained Obesity","volume":"379","author":"Geserick","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12904","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Estimating the Population Prevalence of Comorbidities in Children and Adolescents Aged 5 to 18 Years","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-010-1081-4","article-title":"Soziale Ungleichheit, Migrationshintergrund, Lebenswelten und Ubergewicht bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Ergebnisse der Kieler Adipositas-Pr\u00e4ventionsstudie (KOPS)","volume":"53","author":"Lange","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.35","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status and Adiposity in Childhood: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies 1990\u20132005","volume":"16","author":"Shrewsbury","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/1466424006070487","article-title":"Obesogenic Environments: Exploring the Built and Food Environments","volume":"126","author":"Lake","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Promot. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleiser, C., Schaffrath Rosario, A., Mensink, G.B.M., Prinz-Langenohl, R., and Kurth, B.-M. (2009). Potential Determinants of Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Germany: Results from the Cross-Sectional KiGGS Study. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-46"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3296","article-title":"Attributable Risks for Childhood Overweight: Evidence for Limited Effectiveness of Prevention","volume":"130","author":"Kehden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1108\/09654280410564105","article-title":"The Influence of Socio-economic Status on the Long-term Effect of Family-based Obesity Treatment Intervention in Prepubertal Overweight Children","volume":"104","author":"Asbeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0066-5","article-title":"Association between Skipping Breakfast in Parents and Children and Childhood Overweight\/Obesity among Children: A Nationwide 10.5-Year Prospective Study in Japan","volume":"42","author":"Okada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12659","article-title":"The Frequency of Family Meals and Nutritional Health in Children: A Meta-Analysis: Family Meals and Children\u2019s Health","volume":"19","author":"Dallacker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2021, March 02). Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the WHO European Region 2016\u20132025. Available online: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/noncommunicable-diseases\/pages\/policy\/publications\/action-plan-for-the-prevention-and-control-of-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-who-european-region-20162025."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igel, U., Gausche, R., L\u00fcck, M., Molis, D., Lipek, T., Schubert, K., Kiess, W., and Grande, G. (2015). Community-Based Health Promotion for Prevention of Childhood Obesity. Ern\u00e4hr. Umsch., 8\u201315.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1629275"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003030","article-title":"Dressed or Undressed? How to Measure Children\u2019s Body Weight in Overweight Surveillance?","volume":"17","author":"Censi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265020234S107","article-title":"Weighing Vietnamese Children: How Accurate Are Child Weights Adjusted for Estimates of Clothing Weight?","volume":"23","author":"Tuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"807","article-title":"Percentiles of Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents Evaluated from Different Regional German Studies","volume":"149","author":"Wabitsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wabitsch, M., and Moss, A. (2021, April 18). [Evidence-Based (S3) Guideline of the Working Group on Childhood and Adolescent Obesity (AGA) of the German Obesity Society (DAG) and the German Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ)] 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.awmf.org\/leitlinien\/detail\/ll\/050-002.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, Y.B. (2013). Statistical Analysis of Human Growth and Development, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15979"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Winkler, J., and Stolzenberg, H. (2009). Adjustierung des Sozialen-Schicht-Index f\u00fcr die Anwendung im Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) 2003\/2006, Hochschule, Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Wirtschaftswissenschaften."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (2018). Socioeconomic Status and Subjective Social Status Measurement in KiGGS Wave 2. J. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic, WHO."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap Consortium: Building an International Community of Software Platform Partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000341","article-title":"Breakfast Habits among European Adolescents and Their Association with Sociodemographic Factors: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study","volume":"15","author":"Vereecken","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000112","article-title":"Breakfast Frequency among Adolescents: Associations with Measures of Family Functioning","volume":"19","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrett, N., Riordan, F., Michels, N., Frost Andersen, L., vant Veer, P., Moreno, L.A., Widhalm, K., Manios, Y., Gottrand, F., and Santaliestra-Pas\u00edas, A.M. (2018). Breakfast Skipping and Overweight\/Obesity among European Adolescents, a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the HELENA Dataset: A DEDIPAC Study. HRB Open Res., 1.","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.12847.1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e638","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1035","article-title":"Breakfast Eating and Weight Change in a 5-Year Prospective Analysis of Adolescents: Project EAT (Eating Among Teens)","volume":"121","author":"Timlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keszty\u00fcs, D., Traub, M., Lauer, R., Keszty\u00fcs, T., and Steinacker, J.M. (2017). Skipping Breakfast Is Detrimental for Primary School Children: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Determinants for Targeted Prevention. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4169-z"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadolowska, L., Hamulka, J., Kowalkowska, J., Ulewicz, N., Gornicka, M., Jeruszka-Bielak, M., Kostecka, M., and Wawrzyniak, A. (2019). Skipping Breakfast and a Meal at School: Its Correlates in Adiposity Context. Report from the ABC of Healthy Eating Study of Polish Teenagers. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071563"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"71","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Dietary Pattern and Their Associated Factors among the Rural and Urban School Going Adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Shiyam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12715","article-title":"Skipping Breakfast among Australian Children and Adolescents; Findings from the 2011\u201312 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601618","article-title":"Breakfast Skipping and Health-Compromising Behaviors in Adolescents and Adults","volume":"57","author":"Kaprio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.145","article-title":"Associations between Habitual School-Day Breakfast Consumption, Body Mass Index, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in English Schoolchildren","volume":"64","author":"Sandercock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2011.00006.x","article-title":"Breakfast Consumption and Meal Frequency Interaction with Childhood Obesity","volume":"7","author":"Antonogeorgos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monzani, A., Ricotti, R., Caputo, M., Solito, A., Archero, F., Bellone, S., and Prodam, F. (2019). A Systematic Review of the Association of Skipping Breakfast with Weight and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. What Should We Better Investigate in the Future?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020387"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198116629421","article-title":"Associations of Eating Two Breakfasts With Childhood Overweight Status, Sociodemographics, and Parental Factors Among Preschool Students","volume":"43","author":"Bruening","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1016-y","article-title":"Determinants of Obesity in the Ulm Research on Metabolism, Exercise and Lifestyle in Children (URMEL-ICE)","volume":"168","author":"Nagel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.184","article-title":"Skipping Breakfast in Early Childhood and Its Associations with Maternal and Child BMI: A Study of 2-5-Year-Old Australian Children","volume":"70","author":"Alsharairi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12127","article-title":"School Breakfast and Body Mass Index: A Longitudinal Observational Study of Middle School Students","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601726","article-title":"Meal Pattern, Food Choice, Nutrient Intake and Lifestyle Factors in The G\u00f6teborg Adolescence Study","volume":"57","author":"Hallberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019001447","article-title":"Eating Habits and Weight Status in Finnish Adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Viljakainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-9","article-title":"Fruit and Vegetable Intake Is Associated with Frequency of Breakfast, Lunch and Evening Meal: Cross-Sectional Study of 11-, 13-, and 15-Year-Olds","volume":"9","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"242","article-title":"von Meal Frequency, Breakfast Consumption and Childhood Obesity","volume":"4","author":"Toschke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. IJPO Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.10.058","article-title":"School Breakfast Program but Not School Lunch Program Participation Is Associated with Lower Body Mass Index","volume":"109","author":"Gleason","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1038\/ijosup.2015.24","article-title":"Associations between Breakfast Frequency and Adiposity Indicators in Children from 12 Countries","volume":"5","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.58","article-title":"Breakfast Skipping and Change in Body Mass Index in Young Children","volume":"35","author":"Tin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Legarre, N., Flores-Barrantes, P., Miguel-Berges, M.L., Moreno, L.A., and Santaliestra-Pas\u00edas, A.M. (2020). Breakfast Characteristics and Their Association with Energy, Macronutrients, and Food Intake in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082460"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Phung, H., Hughes, A.-M., Sherwood, S., Harper, E., and Kelly, P. (2019). Trends in Overweight and Obesity by Socioeconomic Status in Year 6 School Children, Australian Capital Territory, 2006\u20132018. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7645-9"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802756","article-title":"Parental Overweight, Socioeconomic Status and High Birth Weight Are the Major Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in 5\u20137 y-Old Children: Baseline Data of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)","volume":"28","author":"Danielzik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"818","article-title":"Weight Loss in Children and Adolescents","volume":"111","author":"Wabitsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2021, March 03). SBP Fact Sheet | USDA-FNS. Available online: https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/sbp\/sbp-fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2021, March 03). Les Petits-D\u00e9jeuners Gratuits \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole, c\u2019est Parti. Available online: https:\/\/www.gouvernement.fr\/les-petits-dejeuners-gratuits-a-l-ecole-c-est-parti."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-5-33","article-title":"Changes in Dietary Pattern in 15 Year Old Adolescents Following a 4 Month Dietary Intervention with School Breakfast\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"5","author":"Ask","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni Mhurchu, C., Turley, M., Gorton, D., Jiang, Y., Michie, J., Maddison, R., and Hattie, J. (2010). Effects of a Free School Breakfast Programme on School Attendance, Achievement, Psychosocial Function, and Nutrition: A Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomised Trial. BMC Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-738"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.5531","article-title":"Effect of a Breakfast in the Classroom Initiative on Obesity in Urban School-Aged Children: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"173","author":"Polonsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardin, S., and Gola, A.A. (2021). Analyzing the Association between Student Weight Status and School Meal Participation: Evidence from the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010017"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021, March 04). Das EU-Schulprogramm. Available online: https:\/\/www.bmel.de\/DE\/themen\/ernaehrung\/gesunde-ernaehrung\/kita-und-schule\/schulobst.html."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2021, March 04). Startseite. Available online: https:\/\/www.brotzeitfuerkinder.com\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-014-1974-8","article-title":"KiGGS Study Group [Measurement of socioeconomic status in the KiGGS study: First follow-up (KiGGS Wave 1)]","volume":"57","author":"Lampert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810382474","article-title":"The Effect of Health, Socio-Economic Position, and Mode of Data Collection on Non-Response in Health Interview Surveys","volume":"38","author":"Ekholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks158","article-title":"Socio-Economic Differences in Participation of Households in a Belgian National Health Survey","volume":"23","author":"Demarest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/4\/1351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:49:26Z","timestamp":1760161766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/4\/1351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13041351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13041351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]]}}}