{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T12:25:38Z","timestamp":1780835138419,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0021-LipSTIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0021-LipSTIC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lesieur\/Avril Group","award":["Private funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Private funds"]}]},{"name":"Tereos","award":["Private funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Private funds"]}]},{"name":"Benjamin Delessert Institute","award":["Research grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet-induced obesity (DIO) reduces the orosensory perception of lipids in rodents and in some humans. Although bariatric surgery partially corrects this alteration, underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. To explore whether metabolic changes might explain this fat taste disturbance, plasma metabolome analyses, two-bottle choice tests and fungiform papillae (Fun) counting were performed in vertical sleeve gastrectomized (VSG) mice and sham-operated controls. An exploratory clinic study was also carried out in adult patients undergone a VSG. In mice, we found that (i) the VSG reduces both the plasma neurotoxic signature due to the tryptophan\/kynurenine (Trp\/Kyn) pathway overactivation and the failure of fat preference found in sham-operated DIO mice, (ii) the activity of Trp\/Kyn pathway is negatively correlated to the density of Fun, and (iii) the pharmacological inhibition of the Kyn synthesis mimics in non-operated DIO mice the positive effects of VSG (i.e., decrease of Kyn synthesis, increase of Fun number, improvement of the fat taste perception). In humans, a reduction of the plasma Kyn level is only found in patients displaying a post-surgery improvement of their fat taste sensitivity. Altogether these data provide a plausible metabolic explanation to the degradation of the orosensory lipid perception observed in obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1618831298000},"page":"1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Tryptophan\/Kynurenine Pathway: A Novel Cross-Talk between Nutritional Obesity, Bariatric Surgery and Taste of Fat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2752-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1231 Lipides\/Nutrition\/Cancer INSERM\/Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9\/AgroSupDijon, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Le May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1087 INSERM\/6291 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, l\u2019Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Dastugue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1231 Lipides\/Nutrition\/Cancer INSERM\/Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9\/AgroSupDijon, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Ayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1087 INSERM\/6291 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, l\u2019Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1087 INSERM\/6291 CNRS Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, l\u2019Institut du Thorax, 44000 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1260 INRA, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Pais de Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1231 Lipides\/Nutrition\/Cancer INSERM\/Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9\/AgroSupDijon, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascaline","family":"Delaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lesieur Groupe Avril, 92600 Asni\u00e8res sur Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-7020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Le Bourgot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tereos, 77230 Moussy-le-Vieux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Explorations Fonctionnelles, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier (APHP), Colombes and Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 92700 Nanterre, France"},{"name":"Fonctions Gastro-Intestinales, M\u00e9taboliques et Physiopathologies Nutritionnelles INSERM UMR1149, CEDEX 18, 75890 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Besnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 1231 Lipides\/Nutrition\/Cancer INSERM\/Univ Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9\/AgroSupDijon, 21000 Dijon, France"},{"name":"Physiologie de la Nutrition, AgroSup Dijon, 26 Bd Dr Petitjean, 21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00174","article-title":"The Influence of Taste Liking on the Consumption of Nutrient Rich and Nutrient Poor Foods","volume":"6","author":"Liem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.04.002","article-title":"Coding in the mammalian gustatory system","volume":"33","author":"Carleton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.05.002","article-title":"Accumulating evidence supports a taste component for free fatty acids in humans","volume":"104","author":"Mattes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2015","article-title":"Taste of Fat: A Sixth Taste Modality?","volume":"96","author":"Besnard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2016.03.002","article-title":"Mechanism of fat taste perception: Association with diet and obesity","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00314.2011","article-title":"\u201cLiking\u201d and \u201cwanting\u201d of sweet and oily food stimuli as affected by high-fat diet-induced obesity, weight loss, leptin, and genetic predisposition","volume":"301","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M039446","article-title":"Obesity alters the gustatory perception of lipids in the mouse: Plausible involvement of lingual CD36","volume":"54","author":"Chevrot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10560.x","article-title":"Dietary fat preferences are inversely correlated with peripheral gustatory fatty acid sensitivity","volume":"855","author":"Gilbertson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.01.006","article-title":"CD36- and GPR120-mediated Ca(2)(+) signaling in human taste bud cells mediates differential responses to fatty acids and is altered in obese mice","volume":"146","author":"Ozdener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.016","article-title":"Reward mechanisms in obesity: New insights and future directions","volume":"69","author":"Kenny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000267","article-title":"Oral sensitivity to fatty acids, food consumption and BMI in human subjects","volume":"104","author":"Stewart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju006","article-title":"Associations between BMI and fat taste sensitivity in humans","volume":"39","author":"Tucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.22.2793","article-title":"Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity","volume":"288","author":"Brolin","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-015-1657-z","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery Worldwide 2013","volume":"25","author":"Angrisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2017","article-title":"Food Intake and Eating Behavior After Bariatric Surgery","volume":"98","author":"Docherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-018-3420-8","article-title":"Taste Changes after Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.174","article-title":"Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery changes food reward in rats","volume":"35","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1273","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00343.2009","article-title":"Meal patterns, satiety, and food choice in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery","volume":"297","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1266","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00028.2011","article-title":"Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity","volume":"300","author":"Berthoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1057","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00139.2011","article-title":"Gastric bypass reduces fat intake and preference","volume":"301","author":"Bueter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.18","article-title":"The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats","volume":"37","author":"Chambers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318203a289","article-title":"Selective reduction in neural responses to high calorie foods following gastric bypass surgery","volume":"253","author":"Ochner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0429-6","article-title":"Taste loss with obesity in mice and men","volume":"44","author":"Kaufman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"169","article-title":"Determinants of Obesity in Italian Adults: The Role of Taste Sensitivity, Food Liking, and Food Neophobia","volume":"41","author":"Proserpio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Senses."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2018.08.004","article-title":"A chronic LPS-induced low-grade inflammation fails to reproduce in lean mice the impairment of preference for oily solution found in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"159","author":"Bernard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00313","article-title":"The Immunomodulator 1-Methyltryptophan Drives Tryptophan Catabolism Toward the Kynurenic Acid Branch","volume":"11","author":"Wirthgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayer, A., Borel, F., Moreau, F., Prieur, X., Neunlist, M., Cariou, B., Blanchard, C., and Le May, C. (2017). Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/54905-v"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-017-2670-1","article-title":"Sleeve Gastrectomy Alters Intestinal Permeability in Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"27","author":"Blanchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25299","article-title":"CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions","volume":"115","author":"Laugerette","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0111","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS-based quantification of kynurenine metabolites, tryptophan, monoamines and neopterin in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain","volume":"8","author":"Fuertig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D059725","article-title":"Quantitative lipopolysaccharide analysis using HPLC\/MS\/MS and its combination with the limulus amebocyte lysate assay","volume":"56","author":"Gautier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard, A., Bihan, J.L.B.-L., Radoi, L., Coupaye, M., Sami, O., Casanova, N., May, C.L., Collet, X., Delaby, P., and Bourgot, C.L. (2021). Orosensory Perception of Fat\/Sweet Stimuli and Appetite-Regulating Peptides before and after Sleeve Gastrectomy or Gastric Bypass in Adult Women with Obesity. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030878"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2016.04.006","article-title":"Potential Mechanisms Mediating Sustained Weight Loss Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy","volume":"45","author":"Makaronidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-1089-6","article-title":"Comparison of nutritional status during the first year after sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass","volume":"24","author":"Coupaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.077198","article-title":"Obesity interferes with the orosensory detection of long-chain fatty acids in humans","volume":"99","author":"Chevrot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H935","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00032.2015","article-title":"Multilevel systems biology modeling characterized the atheroprotective efficiencies of modified dairy fats in a hamster model","volume":"309","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M013391","article-title":"Lipid transport function is the main target of oral oleoylethanolamide to reduce adiposity in high-fat-fed mice","volume":"52","author":"Thabuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W652","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp356","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst: A web server for metabolomic data analysis and interpretation","volume":"37","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-012-0482-9","article-title":"Translational biomarker discovery in clinical metabolomics: An introductory tutorial","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08493.x","article-title":"Quinolinic acid: Neurotoxicity","volume":"279","author":"Guillemin","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00577.x","article-title":"Guanidino compounds as uremic (neuro)toxins","volume":"22","author":"Vanholder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00941","article-title":"Pathophysiological Role of Purines and Pyrimidines in Neurodevelopment: Unveiling New Pharmacological Approaches to Congenital Brain Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-01-00115.1989","article-title":"Cytosine arabinoside kills postmitotic neurons: Evidence that deoxycytidine may have a role in neuronal survival that is independent of DNA synthesis","volume":"9","author":"Wallace","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60.501","article-title":"Plasma N tau-methylhistidine concentration is a sensitive index of myofibrillar protein degradation during starvation in rats","volume":"60","author":"Nagasawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2011.558225","article-title":"Upregulation of N-acetylaspartic acid induces oxidative stress to contribute in disease pathophysiology","volume":"121","author":"Surendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00263-4","article-title":"Dicarboxylic acids as markers of fatty acid peroxidation in diabetes","volume":"148","author":"Inouye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x","article-title":"Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin","volume":"279","author":"Guillemin","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, A., Choo, E., Koh, A., and Dando, R. (2018). Inflammation arising from obesity reduces taste bud abundance and inhibits renewal. PLoS Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001959"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120394","article-title":"Progress and renewal in gustation: New insights into taste bud development","volume":"142","author":"Barlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12705","article-title":"Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression alters immune response in colon tumor microenvironment in mice","volume":"106","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020884312053","article-title":"Food intake, water intake, and drinking spout side preference of 28 mouse strains","volume":"32","author":"Bachmanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512003340","article-title":"Diet-induced obesity in ad libitum-fed mice: Food texture overrides the effect of macronutrient composition","volume":"109","author":"Desmarchelier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011304","article-title":"Glutamate: Tastant and Neuromodulator in Taste Buds","volume":"7","author":"Vandenbeuch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiank, C., Zeden, J.P., Drude, S., Domanska, G., Fusch, G., Otten, W., and Schuett, C. (2010). Psychological stress-induced, IDO1-dependent tryptophan catabolism: Implications on immunosuppression in mice and humans. PLoS One, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011825"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178646919852996","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646919852996","article-title":"Microorganisms, Tryptophan Metabolism, and Kynurenine Pathway: A Complex Interconnected Loop Influencing Human Health Status","volume":"12","author":"Dehhaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/IJTR.S2097","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites in humans: Disease and healthy States","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21199","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway is activated in human obesity and shifted toward kynurenine monooxygenase activation","volume":"23","author":"Favennec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306987200","article-title":"Desensitization masks nanomolar potency of ATP for the P2 \u00d7 1 receptor","volume":"279","author":"Rettinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.032","article-title":"Bacterial metabolite indole modulates incretin secretion from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells","volume":"9","author":"Chimerel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M025874","article-title":"Lipid-mediated release of GLP-1 by mouse taste buds from circumvallate papillae: Putative involvement of GPR120 and impact on taste sensitivity","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopelski, P., Konop, M., Gawrys-Kopczynska, M., Podsadni, P., Szczepanska, A., and Ufnal, M. (2019). Indole-3-Propionic Acid, a Tryptophan-Derived Bacterial Metabolite, Reduces Weight Gain in Rats. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030591"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/4\/1366\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:49:51Z","timestamp":1760161791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/4\/1366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13041366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13041366","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}