{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T12:58:32Z","timestamp":1781873912113,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolomics has been increasingly used to evaluate metabolic changes associated with morbidities. The objective of this study is to assess the metabolic profile before and after intervention with mixed dietary fiber in overweight and obese hypertensive women. This is an intervention study, and the sample consists of 14 women aged 28 to 58 years. An intervention with 12 g of mixed soluble and insoluble fiber is performed for a period of eight weeks. Serum metabolites are identified using a Bruker 1H NMR spectrometer at 400 MHz. Multivariate data analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), is used to differentiate the two groups. After supplementation with dietary fiber, there is a significant increase in the peak intensity values of the metabolites HDL-C (0.0010*), choline (0.0012*) and hydroxybutyrate (0.0010*) as well as a decrease in systolic (0.0013*) and diastolic (0.0026*) blood pressure. The analysis of the metabolomic profile allows the identification of metabolites that have been associated in the literature with hypertension and excess weight (choline, hydroxybutyrate and amino acids) and with fiber intake (choline, hydroxybutyrate and amino acids) in addition to an increase in HDL-C. The increase in the detection of the described metabolites possibly occurs due to the presence of pathologies and the use of fiber in the intervention, which also contributes to elevated HDL-c and reduced blood pressure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]],"date-time":"2021-04-24T21:49:20Z","timestamp":1619300960000},"page":"1437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Choline Metabolites, Hydroxybutyrate and HDL after Dietary Fiber Supplementation in Overweight\/Obese Hypertensive Women: A Metabolomic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carla Patricia Novaes","family":"dos Santos Fechine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mussara Gomes Cavalcanti Alves","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0293-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josean Fechine","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8946-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto Lopes","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2477-8258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaella Cristhine Pordeus","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e1ssia Surama Oliveira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jairo Alves","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3crates Golzio","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5441-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jos\u00e9","family":"de Carvalho Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5291-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darlene Camati","family":"Persuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, B., Shi, X., Wang, T., and Zhang, D. (2018). Exploration of the Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Hypertension among U.S. Adults Using 2017 American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines: NHANES 2007. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081091"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Epidemiology and Genetics of Hypertension","volume":"63","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2020.234","article-title":"The implications of blood pressure targets from the 2018 European Society of Cardiology hypertension guidelines in Asian patients: A systematic review and metaanalysis Akhmetzhan Maratovich Galimzhanov, a Yersyn Toleutayevich Sabitov, b Baurzhan Slymovich Azizovb","volume":"40","author":"Galimzhanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-1064-1","article-title":"Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"79","author":"Pugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of arterial hypertension according to different diagnostic criteria, National Health Survey","volume":"21","author":"Malta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise, I.A., and Charchar, F.J. (2016). Epigenetic Modifications in Essential Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17040451"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02289-9","article-title":"Essential hypertension: A filtered serum based metabolomics study","volume":"7","author":"Ameta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000168","article-title":"Metabolomics in hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Nikolic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Qureshi, W.T. (2015). Metabolomic Signature of Hypertension. Clinical & Population Translational Sciences Program, Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07292","article-title":"Identification of Serum Metabolites Associated With Incident Hypertension in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition\u2013Potsdam Study","volume":"68","author":"Dietrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0877-8","article-title":"An Overview of Metabolic Phenotyping in Blood Pressure Research","volume":"20","author":"Tzoulaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.272344","article-title":"Use of Metabolomics in Improving Assessment of Dietary Intake","volume":"64","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, T.M., Kabisch, S., Pfeiffer, A.F.H., and Weickert, M.O. (2020). The health benefits of dietary fibre. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103209"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003098","article-title":"Total, insoluble and soluble dietary fibre intake in relation to blood pressure: The INTERMAP Study","volume":"114","author":"Aljuraiban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000515","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibre type on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of healthy individuals","volume":"33","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hipertens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.2.150","article-title":"Dietary fiber and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"165","author":"Streppel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000160199.51158.cf","article-title":"Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Whelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S., and Dreher, M.L. (2001). Physicochemical properties of dietary fiber: Overview. Handbook of Dietary Fiber, Marcel Dekker Inc.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203904220"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effect of viscous soluble fiber on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/19.5.476","article-title":"Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes","volume":"19","author":"Bucolo","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/20.4.470","article-title":"Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol","volume":"20","author":"Allain","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. Tech. Rep. Ser., 894, 11\u2013253."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kac, G., Sichiery, R., and Gigante, D.P. (2007). Epidemiologia Nutricional, Rio de Janeiro. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.7476\/9788575413203"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-88","article-title":"Metabolomics reveals the metabolic shifts following an intervention with rye bread in postmenopausal women\u2014A randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"Moazzami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.11.003","article-title":"Impact of dietary fiber supplementation on modulating microbiota-host-metabolic axes in obesity","volume":"64","author":"Mayengbam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agus, A., Cl\u00e9ment, K., and Sokol, H. (2020). Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Gut.","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323071"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MB00507D","article-title":"Investigating correlations in the altered metabolic profiles of obese and diabetic subjects in a South Indian Asian population using an NMR-based metabolomic approach","volume":"11","author":"Gogna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Shen, L., Tan, Z., and Zhang, P. (2018). Betaine Supplementation Enhances Lipid Metabolism and Improves Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020131"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64329-1","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism of Metabolomic Profile in Arterial Hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Barca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Randell, E., Zhou, H., Sun, G., Diarra, M.B., Dembel\u00e9, K.S., Chabrun, F., Dram\u00e9, B.S.I., Kassogue, Y., and Diakit\u00e9, M. (2018). Higher serum choline and betaine levels are associated with better body composition in male but not female population. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193114"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy330","article-title":"Relation of choline intake with blood pressure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007","volume":"109","author":"Taesuwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-6-40","article-title":"Serum metabolic profiles in overweight and obese women with and without metabolic syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Wiklund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1037-0","article-title":"Plasma metabolomic profiling of amino acids and polar lipids in Iranian obese adults","volume":"18","author":"Bagheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Establishment of the circadian metabolic phenotype strategy in spontaneously hypertensive rats: A dynamic metabolomics study","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5976","article-title":"Choline protects against cardiac hypertrophy induced by increased after-load","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016","article-title":"Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits","volume":"156","author":"Datchary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13058","article-title":"Sodium butyrate epigenetically modulates high-fat diet-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptation, obesity and insulin resistance through nucleosome positioning","volume":"172","author":"Henagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56071","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11267","article-title":"Butyrate alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity through activation of adiponectin-mediated pathway and stimulation of mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle of mice","volume":"7","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity via a PPAR\u03b3-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation","volume":"64","author":"Bleeker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv010","article-title":"Effects of choline on health across the life course: A systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Leermakers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v10.i1.23","article-title":"Exploratory metabolomics of metabolic syndrome: A status report","volume":"10","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x","article-title":"Choline: An essential nutrient for public health","volume":"67","author":"Zeisel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7137","article-title":"Effects of obesity on the lipid and metabolite profiles of young adults by serum 1H-NMR spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Pasanta","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00950B","article-title":"Dietary fiber and blood pressure control","volume":"7","author":"Aleixandre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"397","article-title":"Maior ingest\u00e3o de fibras est\u00e1 associada a menores n\u00edveis de press\u00e3o arterial em pacientes com diabetes tipo","volume":"62","author":"Beretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arco. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary fiber to host physiology: Schort chain fatty acids as kay bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.1221","article-title":"Butyrate stimulates ApoA-IV-containing lipoprotein secretion in differentiated Caco-2 cells: Role in cholesterol efflux","volume":"83","author":"Nazih","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Xiao, L., Fang, T., Cai, Y., Jia, G., Zhao, H., Wang, J., Chen, X., and Wu, C. (2014). Pea Fiber and Wheat Bran Fiber Show Distinct Metabolic Profiles in Rats as Investigated by a 1H NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115561"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303304","article-title":"Insight into the prebiotic concept: Lessons from an exploratory, double blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women","volume":"62","author":"Dewulf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:52:16Z","timestamp":1760161936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13051437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051437","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,24]]}}}