{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:01:52Z","timestamp":1791489712170,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent discoveries in the \u201comics\u201d field and the growing focus on preventive health have opened new avenues for personalized nutrition (PN), which is becoming an important theme in the strategic plans of organizations that are active in healthcare, food, and nutrition research. PN holds great potential for individual health optimization, disease management, public health interventions, and product innovation. However, there are still multiple challenges to overcome before PN can be truly embraced by the public and healthcare stakeholders. The diagnosis and management of lactose intolerance (LI), a common condition with a strong inter-individual component, is explored as an interesting example for the potential role of these technologies and the challenges of PN. From the development of genetic and metabolomic LI diagnostic tests that can be carried out in the home, to advances in the understanding of LI pathology and individualized treatment optimization, PN in LI care has shown substantial progress. However, there are still many research gaps to address, including the understanding of epigenetic regulation of lactase expression and how lactose is metabolized by the gut microbiota, in order to achieve better LI detection and effective therapeutic interventions to reverse the potential health consequences of LI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"1503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Development of Personalized Nutrition: Applications in Lactose Intolerance Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Millie","family":"Porzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Burton-Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Verg\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-015-0489-8","article-title":"Human nutrition, environment, and health","volume":"10","author":"Kaput","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900677","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900677","article-title":"GutSelf: Interindividual Variability in the Processing of Dietary Compounds by the Human Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"63","author":"Walther","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bmj.k2173","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2173","article-title":"Personalised nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Ordovas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1685332","article-title":"Toward the Definition of Personalized Nutrition: A Proposal by The American Nutrition Association","volume":"39","author":"Bush","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S32368","article-title":"Lactose intolerance: Diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors","volume":"5","author":"Mattar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoaa006","article-title":"Lactose intolerance","volume":"2020","author":"Wiley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30154-1","article-title":"Country, regional, and global estimates for lactose malabsorption in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Storhaug","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2008.156","article-title":"Lactase persistence-related genetic variant: Population substructure and health outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comerford, K.B., and Pasin, G. (2017). Gene-Dairy Food Interactions and Health Outcomes: A Review of Nutrigenetic Studies. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070710"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J., Swallow, D.M., and Thomas, M.G. (2010). A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evol. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-36"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1946","article-title":"Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe","volume":"39","author":"Tishkoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-080508-141048","article-title":"Evolutionary adaptations to dietary changes","volume":"30","author":"Luca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0268","article-title":"Evolution of lactase persistence: An example of human niche construction","volume":"366","author":"Gerbault","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M.A., Burger, J., and Thomas, M.G. (2009). The origins of lactase persistence in Europe. PLoS Comput. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000491"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segurel, L., Guarino-Vignon, P., Marchi, N., Lafosse, S., Laurent, R., Bon, C., Fabre, A., Hegay, T., and Heyer, E. (2020). Why and when was lactase persistence selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000742"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-091416-035340","article-title":"On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans","volume":"18","author":"Bon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03557.x","article-title":"Review article: Lactose intolerance in clinical practice-myths and realities","volume":"27","author":"Lomer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-008-0593-6","article-title":"Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence","volume":"124","author":"Ingram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2019.01079","article-title":"New insights into the molecular basis of lactase non-persistence\/persistence: A brief review","volume":"14","author":"Kuchay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz104","article-title":"Lactose digestion in humans: Intestinal lactase appears to be constitutive whereas the colonic microbiome is adaptable","volume":"110","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318404","article-title":"Update on lactose malabsorption and intolerance: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management","volume":"68","author":"Misselwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.01966.x","article-title":"The role of colonic metabolism in lactose intolerance","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8020","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095380","article-title":"Lactose Intolerance in Adults: Biological Mechanism and Dietary Management","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/904686","article-title":"Adult lactose digestion status and effects on disease","volume":"29","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.110801.143820","article-title":"Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance","volume":"37","author":"Swallow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0291-1","article-title":"A novel polymorphism associated with lactose tolerance in Africa: Multiple causes for lactase persistence?","volume":"120","author":"Ingram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/ng826","article-title":"Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia","volume":"30","author":"Enattah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.09.026","article-title":"Lactose intolerance genetic testing: Is it useful as routine screening? Results on 1426 south-central Italy patients","volume":"439","author":"Santonocito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618814136","article-title":"13910C>T and 22018G>A LCT gene polymorphisms in diagnosing hypolactasia in children","volume":"7","author":"Wojtasik","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i25.3508","article-title":"Correlation of intestinal disaccharidase activities with the C\/T-13910 variant and age","volume":"13","author":"Enattah","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci140","article-title":"Molecularly-defined lactose malabsorption, milk consumption and anthropometric differences in adult males","volume":"98","author":"Gugatschka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qjm"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.025551","article-title":"Systemic lactose intolerance: A new perspective on an old problem","volume":"81","author":"Matthews","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postgrad Med. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.02.003","article-title":"Adult-type hypolactasia and regulation of lactase expression","volume":"1723","author":"Troelsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szilagyi, A., and Ishayek, N. (2018). Lactose Intolerance, Dairy Avoidance, and Treatment Options. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121994"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e609","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X686521","article-title":"Differentiating milk allergy (IgE and non-IgE mediated) from lactose intolerance: Understanding the underlying mechanisms and presentations","volume":"66","author":"Walsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Increased prevalence of lactose malabsorption in Crohn\u2019s disease patients at low risk for lactose malabsorption based on ethnic origin","volume":"92","author":"Mishkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0183-8","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of lactose digestion, its impact on intolerance and nutritional effects of dairy food restriction in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"15","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, N., Zainaldeen, M., Almadhoob, F., Yusuf, M., and Fredericks, S. (2018). Knowledge of lactose intolerance among clinicians. Gastroenterol. Insights, 9.","DOI":"10.4081\/gi.2018.7740"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rgmx.2020.03.002","article-title":"The importance of lactose intolerance in individuals with gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"85","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13041","article-title":"Review article: The aetiology, diagnosis, mechanisms and clinical evidence for food intolerance","volume":"41","author":"Lomer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finglas, P.M., and Toldr\u00e1, F. (2016). Food Intolerance: Lactose Intolerance. Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384947-2.00312-3"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"18","article-title":"Lactose intolerance: From diagnosis to correct management","volume":"17","author":"Campanale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robles, L., and Priefer, R. (2020). Lactose Intolerance: What Your Breath Can Tell You. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10060412"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.146","article-title":"Lactose intolerance and the role of the lactose breath test","volume":"105","author":"Law","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v3.i3.29","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: What should be the best clinical management?","volume":"3","author":"Scarpa","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31824e9132","article-title":"A comparison between lactose breath test and quick test on duodenal biopsies for diagnosing lactase deficiency in patients with self-reported lactose intolerance","volume":"47","author":"Furnari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovde, \u00d8., and Farup, P.G. (2009). A comparison of diagnostic tests for lactose malabsorption\u2014Which one is the best?. BMC Gastroenterol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-9-82"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318297fb10","article-title":"Noninvasive diagnosis of hypolactasia with 4-Galactosylxylose (Gaxilose): A multicentre, open-label, phase IIB-III nonrandomized trial","volume":"48","author":"Hermida","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.01.006","article-title":"Primary hypolactasia diagnosis: Comparison between the gaxilose test, shortened lactose tolerance test, and clinical parameters corresponding to the C\/T-13910 polymorphism","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-017-0558-9","article-title":"Lactase Non-persistence and Lactose Intolerance","volume":"19","author":"Bayless","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2018.03.003","article-title":"Detection of lactose in products with low lactose content","volume":"83","author":"Gille","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dekker, P.J.T., Koenders, D., and Bruins, M.J. (2019). Lactose-Free Dairy Products: Market Developments, Production, Nutrition and Health Benefits. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030551"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02429-2","article-title":"Nutritional management of lactose intolerance: The importance of diet and food labelling","volume":"18","author":"Facioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0307.2004.00147.x","article-title":"Biochemistry of cheese ripening","volume":"57","author":"McSweeney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251s","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073023","article-title":"Lactose digestion from yogurt: Mechanism and relevance","volume":"99","author":"Savaiano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Merwe, J., Steenekamp, J., Steyn, D., and Hamman, J. (2020). The Role of Functional Excipients in Solid Oral Dosage Forms to Overcome Poor Drug Dissolution and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12050393"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098617751498","article-title":"Managing acute pain in patients who report lactose intolerance: The safety of an old excipient re-examined","volume":"9","author":"Mill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2328-3","article-title":"Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging segment of functional beverages: A review","volume":"53","author":"Sethi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harju, M., Kallioinen, H., and Tossavainen, O. (2012). Lactose hydrolysis and other conversions in dairy products: Technological aspects. Int. Dairy J. Int. Dairy J., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2011.09.011"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73872-7","article-title":"Process for Calcium Retention During Skim Milk Ultrafiltration","volume":"86","author":"Vyas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan, M., Eaton, T.K., Sermet, O.M., and Savaiano, D.A. (2020). Milk Containing A2 \u03b2-Casein ONLY, as a Single Meal, Causes Fewer Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance than Milk Containing A1 and A2 \u03b2-Caseins in Subjects with Lactose Maldigestion and Intolerance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123855"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0147-z","article-title":"Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows\u2019 milk","volume":"15","author":"Jianqin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2018.11.003","article-title":"Considerations for development of lactose-free food","volume":"15","author":"Suri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602098","article-title":"Effect of exogenous beta-galactosidase in patients with lactose malabsorption and intolerance: A crossover double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Montalto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i2.187","article-title":"Management and treatment of lactose malabsorption","volume":"12","author":"Montalto","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12602","article-title":"Self-reported lactose intolerance in clinic patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms: Prevalence, risk factors, and impact on food choices","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laing, B.B., Lim, A.G., and Ferguson, L.R. (2019). A Personalised Dietary Approach-A Way Forward to Manage Nutrient Deficiency, Effects of the Western Diet, and Food Intolerances in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071532"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"288","article-title":"Lactose enhances mineral absorption in infancy","volume":"2","author":"Ziegler","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.2.442","article-title":"Calcium and zinc absorption from lactose-containing and lactose-free infant formulas","volume":"76","author":"Abrams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Velarde, E., Delgado-Franco, D., Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez, M., Gurrola-D\u00edaz, C., Larrosa-Haro, A., Montijo-Barrios, E., Muskiet, F.A.J., Vargas-Guerrero, B., and Geurts, J. (2019). The Importance of Lactose in the Human Diet: Outcomes of a Mexican Consensus Meeting. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112737"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.05.005","article-title":"Glycemic index, glycemic load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC)","volume":"25","author":"Augustin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rytz, A., Adeline, D., L\u00ea, K.A., Tan, D., Lamothe, L., Roger, O., and Mac\u00e9, K. (2019). Predicting Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load from Macronutrients to Accelerate Development of Foods and Beverages with Lower Glucose Responses. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051172"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.001","article-title":"Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses","volume":"163","author":"Zeevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1005477","article-title":"Deregulation of intestinal anti-microbial defense by the dietary additive, maltodextrin","volume":"6","author":"Nickerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27796-1","article-title":"A milk formula containing maltodextrin, vs. lactose, as main carbohydrate source, improves cognitive performance of piglets in a spatial task","volume":"8","author":"Clouard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa296","article-title":"Lactose and Digestible Maltodextrin in Milk Replacers Differently Affect Energy Metabolism and Substrate Oxidation: A Calorimetric Study in Piglets","volume":"150","author":"Clouard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.10.004","article-title":"Iodine in dairy milk: Sources, concentrations and importance to human health","volume":"31","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nohr, D., and Biesalski, H. (2009). Vitamins in Milk and Dairy Products: B-Group Vitamins. Adv. Dairy Chem., 3.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84865-5_13"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melse-Boonstra, A. (2020). Bioavailability of Micronutrients From Nutrient-Dense Whole Foods: Zooming in on Dairy, Vegetables, and Fruits. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00101"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.12.019","article-title":"Associations of genetic lactase non-persistence and sex with bone loss in young adulthood","volume":"44","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health","volume":"27","author":"Suchy","year":"2010","journal-title":"NIH Consens. State Sci. Statements"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.0301207","article-title":"Genetic predisposition for adult lactose intolerance and relation to diet, bone density, and bone fractures","volume":"19","author":"Bonelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19950050","article-title":"Lactose intolerance and bone mass in postmenopausal Italian women","volume":"73","author":"Corazza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0420-1","article-title":"Dairy product intake and bone properties in 70-year-old men and women","volume":"13","author":"Hallkvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.081893","article-title":"Relative bioavailability of calcium from calcium formate, calcium citrate, and calcium carbonate","volume":"313","author":"Hanzlik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormick, G., and Beliz\u00e1n, J.M. (2019). Calcium Intake and Health. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071606"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-008-0020-y","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D: Skeletal and extraskeletal health","volume":"10","author":"Khazai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00006","article-title":"The Bone-Vasculature Axis: Calcium Supplementation and the Role of Vitamin K","volume":"6","author":"Wasilewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.196","article-title":"Protein intake, calcium balance and health consequences","volume":"66","author":"Calvez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.246108","article-title":"Lactose Intolerance (LCT-13910C>T) Genotype Is Associated with Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Caucasians: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"147","author":"Alharbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itkonen, S.T., Erkkola, M., and Lamberg-Allardt, C.J.E. (2018). Vitamin D Fortification of Fluid Milk Products and Their Contribution to Vitamin D Intake and Vitamin D Status in Observational Studies\u2014A Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081054"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polzonetti, V., Pucciarelli, S., Vincenzetti, S., and Polidori, P. (2020). Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0465.v1"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"90","article-title":"Dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: An updated meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"24","author":"Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31812-9","article-title":"Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): A prospective cohort study","volume":"392","author":"Dehghan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515005000","article-title":"Dairy consumption and CVD: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.12.033","article-title":"Does Milk Consumption Contribute to Cardiometabolic Health and Overall Diet Quality?","volume":"32","author":"Lamarche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz050","article-title":"The Impact of Dairy Products in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: Where Does the Evidence Stand in 2019?","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown-Riggs, C. (2015). Nutrition and Health Disparities: The Role of Dairy in Improving Minority Health Outcomes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13010028"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gille, D., Schmid, A., Walther, B., and Verg\u00e8res, G. (2018). Fermented Food and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: A Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040448"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szilagyi, A. (2018). Complex Interactions of Obesity, Dairy Food Intake and Genetics of Lactase. J. Obes. Chronic Dis., 2.","DOI":"10.17756\/jocd.2018-017"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.544","article-title":"Lactose intolerance and risk of lung, breast and ovarian cancers: Aetiological clues from a population-based study in Sweden","volume":"112","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux012","article-title":"Possible role of diet in cancer: Systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk","volume":"75","author":"Grosso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr269","article-title":"Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"23","author":"Aune","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, N., Norat, T., Ferrari, P., Jenab, M., Bueno-de-Mesquita, B., Skeie, G., Olsen, A., Tj\u00f8nneland, A., Dahm, C.C., and Overvad, K. (2013). Consumption of dairy products and colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072715"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.003","article-title":"Streptococcus thermophilus Inhibits Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Secreting \u03b2-Galactosidase","volume":"160","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.09.013","article-title":"Long-term consumption of non-fermented and fermented dairy products and risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor status\u2014Population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Kaluza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31959","article-title":"Fermented dairy foods intake and risk of cancer","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"73","article-title":"Influence of Lactose on Faecal Microflora in Lactose Maldigestors","volume":"6","author":"Ito","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"595","article-title":"Effects of yogurt and bifidobacteria supplementation on the colonic microbiota in lactose-intolerant subjects","volume":"104","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Yin, J., Zhu, Y., Wang, X., Hu, X., Bao, W., Huang, Y., Chen, L., Chen, S., and Yang, W. (2018). Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101403"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/649312","article-title":"Differential impact of lactose\/lactase phenotype on colonic microflora","volume":"24","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/350732","article-title":"Redefining lactose as a conditional prebiotic","volume":"18","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.2.232","article-title":"Colonic adaptation to daily lactose feeding in lactose maldigesters reduces lactose intolerance","volume":"64","author":"Hertzler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.6.879","article-title":"Adaptation of lactose maldigesters to continued milk intakes","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"12","article-title":"Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics\/Nutrigenomics on Personalised Nutrition: Part 1\u2014Fields of Precision Nutrition","volume":"9","author":"Ferguson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1582980","article-title":"Personalized Nutrition: Translating the Science of NutriGenomics Into Practice: Proceedings From the 2018 American College of Nutrition Meeting","volume":"38","author":"Aruoma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anguita-Ruiz, A., Aguilera, C.M., and Gil, \u00c1. (2020). Genetics of Lactose Intolerance: An Updated Review and Online Interactive World Maps of Phenotype and Genotype Frequencies. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092689"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520600825257","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in adult-type hypolactasia in different age cohorts in Central Sweden diagnosed by genotyping for the adult-type hypolactasia-linked LCT -13910C > T mutation","volume":"42","author":"Almon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7329","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i45.7329","article-title":"Lactase non-persistence and milk consumption in Estonia","volume":"12","author":"Lember","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.051631","article-title":"The T\/G 13915 variant upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) is the founder allele of lactase persistence in an urban Saudi population","volume":"44","author":"Imtiaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floris, M., Cano, A., Porru, L., Addis, R., Cambedda, A., Idda, M.L., Steri, M., Ventura, C., and Maioli, M. (2020). Direct-to-Consumer Nutrigenetics Testing: An Overview. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020566"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy001","article-title":"Nutritional Genomics and Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: An Overview","volume":"9","author":"Dashti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2009.00380.x","article-title":"Currents in contemporary ethics. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: Is it the practice of medicine?","volume":"37","author":"Marietta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Law Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1159\/000503977","article-title":"Information Provided to Consumers about Direct-to-Consumer Nutrigenetic Testing","volume":"22","author":"De","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Genom."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.009860","article-title":"Self-perceived lactose intolerance results in lower intakes of calcium and dairy foods and is associated with hypertension and diabetes in adults","volume":"94","author":"Nicklas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687-017-0344-2","article-title":"Legislation of direct-to-consumer genetic testing in Europe: A fragmented regulatory landscape","volume":"9","author":"Kalokairinou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Community Genet."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2018.38","article-title":"False-positive results released by direct-to-consumer genetic tests highlight the importance of clinical confirmation testing for appropriate patient care","volume":"20","author":"Guiltinan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3227","article-title":"Lactase nonpersistence is directed by DNA-variation-dependent epigenetic aging","volume":"23","author":"Labrie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23957-4","article-title":"Differences in DNA Methylation and Functional Expression in Lactase Persistent and Non-persistent Individuals","volume":"8","author":"Leseva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.50.265","article-title":"The specific expression patterns of lactase, sucrase and calbindin-D9k in weaning rats are regulated at the transcriptional level","volume":"50","author":"Fukushima","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitam."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.9.1737","article-title":"Lactase decline in weaning rats is regulated at the transcriptional level and not caused by termination of milk ingestion","volume":"127","author":"Motohashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70031-3","article-title":"Lactase persistence versus decline in human adults: Multifactorial events are involved in down-regulation after weaning","volume":"112","author":"Rossi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeming, E.R., Johnson, A.J., Spector, T.D., and Le Roy, C.I. (2019). Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122862"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.156","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"9","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-019-9926-y","article-title":"Homeostasis and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in health and disease","volume":"44","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Landskron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529209000118","article-title":"The colon in carbohydrate malabsorption: Short-chain fatty acids, pH, and osmotic diarrhoea","volume":"27","author":"Holtug","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199753060-00003","article-title":"Lactulose, disaccharides and colonic flora. Clinical consequences","volume":"53","author":"Clausen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000011606.96795.40","article-title":"The role of colonic microbiota in lactose intolerance","volume":"49","author":"Zhong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"E367","article-title":"Impact of short-chain galactooligosaccharides on the gut microbiome of lactose-intolerant individuals","volume":"114","author":"Ritter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, J.W., Simpson, J.B., Roach, J., Bruno-Barcena, J.M., and Azcarate-Peril, M.A. (2018). Prebiotics for Lactose Intolerance: Variability in Galacto-Oligosaccharide Utilization by Intestinal Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101517"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76422-6","article-title":"Improvement of lactose digestion in humans by ingestion of unfermented milk containing Bifidobacterium longum","volume":"79","author":"Jiang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-12-160","article-title":"Improving lactose digestion and symptoms of lactose intolerance with a novel galacto-oligosaccharide (RP-G28): A randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Savaiano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leis, R., de Castro, M.J., de Lamas, C., Pic\u00e1ns, R., and Couce, M.L. (2020). Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051487"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1425977","article-title":"The effects of probiotics in lactose intolerance: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Oak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9507-7","article-title":"Use of a Novel Probiotic Formulation to Alleviate Lactose Intolerance Symptoms-a Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800384","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800384","article-title":"Nutrimetabolomics: An Integrative Action for Metabolomic Analyses in Human Nutritional Studies","volume":"63","author":"Ulaszewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201301004","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201301004","article-title":"Metabolomics in the identification of biomarkers of dietary intake","volume":"4","author":"Gibbons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517003245","article-title":"Blood lactose after dairy product intake in healthy men","volume":"118","author":"Pimentel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-3010.2008.00733.x","article-title":"Perspectives for Metabolomics in Human Nutrition: An Overview","volume":"33","author":"Koulman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa029","article-title":"Identification of Milk and Cheese Intake Biomarkers in Healthy Adults Reveals High Interindividual Variability of Lewis System\u2013Related Oligosaccharides","volume":"150","author":"Pimentel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy296","article-title":"Assessment of lactase activity in humans by measurement of galactitol and galactonate in serum and urine after milk intake","volume":"109","author":"Vionnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a000588","DOI":"10.1101\/mcs.a000588","article-title":"Metabolomics: An emerging but powerful tool for precision medicine","volume":"1","author":"Clish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Mol. Case Stud."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00041","article-title":"Paving the Way to Precision Nutrition Through Metabolomics","volume":"6","author":"Tebani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy053","article-title":"Metabolic Footprinting of Fermented Milk Consumption in Serum of Healthy Men","volume":"148","author":"Pimentel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02027-z","article-title":"Nutrition interventions for healthy ageing across the lifespan: A conference report","volume":"58","author":"Kalache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"e15121E","article-title":"Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report","volume":"14","author":"Authority","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publ."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170713","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.e170713","article-title":"Paving the way to better population health through personalised nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Mathers","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Johnson, L.R. (2004). Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Concepts and Implementation. Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72190-7","article-title":"Major Scientific Advances with Dairy Foods in Nutrition and Health","volume":"89","author":"Huth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"Department of Health (1991). Dietary Reference Values: A Guide."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-3911rev","article-title":"Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: The emerging faces of nutrition","volume":"19","author":"Mutch","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmhg.2011.02.001","article-title":"Nutritional genomics and personalized diet","volume":"12","author":"Gaboon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"152","article-title":"Nutrigenomics in postgenomic era","volume":"112","author":"Gorduza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14218\/ERHM.2017.00027","article-title":"Nutrigenetics\u2014Personalized Nutrition in the Genetic Age","volume":"2","author":"Beckett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Explor. Res. Hypothesis Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000354","article-title":"Personalized Wellness Past and Future: Will the Science and Technology Coevolve?","volume":"54","author":"Kanter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Today"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.145680","article-title":"Can genetic-based advice help you lose weight? Findings from the Food4Me European randomized controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Marsaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.08.097","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 environmental and ethical consciousness and the use of the related food products information: The role of perceived consumer effectiveness","volume":"107","author":"Ghvanidze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Sabate, R., and Sabat\u00e9, J. (2019). Consumer Attitudes Towards Environmental Concerns of Meat Consumption: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071220"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.78.6.269","article-title":"Consumer demand for personalized nutrition and functional food","volume":"78","author":"Roosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-019-0629-7","article-title":"Current knowledge and interest of French Canadians regarding nutrigenetics","volume":"14","author":"Cormier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhary, N., Kumar, V., Sangwan, P., Pant, N.C., Saxena, A., Joshi, S., and Yadav, A.N. (2021). Personalized Nutrition and -Omics. Compr. Foodomics, 495\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100596-5.22880-1"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"31","article-title":"Future perspectives of nutrigenomics foods: Benefits vs. risks","volume":"46","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4226","article-title":"The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001\u20132014","volume":"315","author":"Chetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz086","article-title":"Perspective: Guiding Principles for the Implementation of Personalized Nutrition Approaches That Benefit Health and Function","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Barh, D., and Ahmetov, I.I. (2019). Chapter Eighteen\u2014Personalized sports nutrition: Role of nutrients in athletic performance. Sports, Exercise, and Nutritional Genomics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174414000506","article-title":"Measuring epigenetics as the mediator of gene\/environment interactions in DOHaD","volume":"6","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pic\u00f3, C., Serra, F., Rodr\u00edguez, A.M., Keijer, J., and Palou, A. (2019). Biomarkers of Nutrition and Health: New Tools for New Approaches. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051092"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of Metabolic Biomarkers for Personalized Nutrition","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, A., Barnett, M.P.G., Perry, J.K., Cameron-Smith, D., and Milan, A.M. (2020). Evaluation of breath, plasma, and urinary markers of lactose malabsorption to diagnose lactase non-persistence following lactose or milk ingestion. BMC Gastroenterol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01352-6"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2217\/pme.11.7","article-title":"The n-of-1 clinical trial: The ultimate strategy for individualizing medicine?","volume":"8","author":"Lillie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassio, F., Facioni, M.S., and Guagnini, F. (2018). Lactose Maldigestion, Malabsorption, and Intolerance: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Current Management and Future Perspectives. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111599"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2010). Scientific Opinion on lactose thresholds in lactose intolerance and galactosaemia. EFSA J., 8, 1777.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1777"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6ttger-Wirtz, S., and De Boer, A. (2020). Personalised Nutrition: The EU\u2019s Fragmented Legal Landscape and the Overlooked Implications of EU Food Law. Eur. J. Risk Regul., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1017\/err.2020.79"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10806-015-9589-0","article-title":"Personalized Nutrition and Social Justice: Ethical Considerations Within Four Future Scenarios Applying the Perspective of Nussbaum\u2019s Capabilities Approach","volume":"29","author":"Goossens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.2004.106.3.506","article-title":"\u201cDrink Milk for Fitness\u201d: The Cultural Politics of Human Biological Variation and Milk Consumption in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Wiley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.80","article-title":"Perception of lactose intolerance impairs health-related quality of life","volume":"70","author":"Casellas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026654820461","article-title":"Lactose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression in females: A preliminary report","volume":"43","author":"Ledochowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enko, D., Meinitzer, A., Brandmayr, W., Halwachs-Baumann, G., Schnedl, W.J., and Kriegsh\u00e4user, G. (2018). Association between increased plasma levels of homocysteine and depression observed in individuals with primary lactose malabsorption. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202567"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JAGE.0000004964.85970.8d","article-title":"You Eat What You Are: Moral Dimensions of Diets Tailored to One\u2019s Genes","volume":"16","author":"Meijboom","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Environ. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, P.B., and Kaplan, D.M. (2013). Medicalization of Eating and Feeding. Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6167-4"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1503\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:55:23Z","timestamp":1760162123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13051503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051503","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]}}}