{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:53:36Z","timestamp":1768280016413,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002594","name":"American Osteopathic Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19133749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19133749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01DK113632-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01DK113632-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liberty University","award":["Intramural"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diet is a leading causative risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet it is rarely considered in the design of preclinical animal studies. Several of the nutritional inadequacies reported in Americans have been shown to be detrimental to kidney health; however, the mechanisms responsible are unclear and have been largely attributed to the development of diabetes or hypertension. Here, we set out to determine whether diet influences the susceptibility to kidney injury in male C57Bl\/6 mice. Mice were fed a standard chow diet, a commercially available \u201cWestern\u201d diet (WD), or a novel Americanized diet (AD) for 12 weeks prior to the induction of kidney injury using the folic acid nephropathy (FAN) or unilateral renal ischemia reperfusion injury (uIRI) models. In FAN, the mice that were fed the WD and AD had worse histological evidence of tissue injury and greater renal expression of genes associated with nephrotoxicity as compared to mice fed chow. Mice fed the AD developed more severe renal hypertrophy following FAN, and gene expression data suggest the mechanism for FAN differed among the diets. Meanwhile, mice fed the WD had the greatest circulating interleukin-6 concentrations. In uIRI, no difference was observed in renal tissue injury between the diets; however, mice fed the WD and AD displayed evidence of suppressed inflammatory response. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that diet directly impacts the severity and pathophysiology of kidney disease and is a critical experimental variable that needs to be considered in mechanistic preclinical animal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T10:53:29Z","timestamp":1619780009000},"page":"1521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diet Significantly Influences the Immunopathology and Severity of Kidney Injury in Male C57Bl\/6J Mice in a Model Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Brus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1085-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin J.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittney","family":"Browning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Ter Haar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riley","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Houghton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Gigliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030898","article-title":"Genetic Predisposition to High Blood Pressure and Lifestyle Factors","volume":"137","author":"Raha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Stanaway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00022.2016","article-title":"Potassium Homeostasis: The Knowns, the Unknowns, and the Health Benefits","volume":"32","author":"McDonough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"E348","article-title":"Cardiovascular benefits associated with higher dietary K+ vs. lower dietary Na+: Evidence from population and mechanistic studies","volume":"312","author":"McDonough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"USDA Agricultural Research Services (2019). Usual Nutrient Intake from Food and Beverages, by Gender and Age, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2013\u20132016, USDA Agricultural Research Services."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"487","article-title":"Ulcerative Dermatitis in C57BL\/6NCrl Mice on a Low-Fat or High-Fat Diet with or without a Mineralized Red-Algae Supplement","volume":"54","author":"Hampton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61858-7","article-title":"Involvement of estrogen in phosphorus-induced nephrocalcinosis through fibroblast growth factor 23","volume":"10","author":"Takasugi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F118","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00110.2008","article-title":"Structural and functional changes in the kidneys of high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"296","author":"Deji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80048-z","article-title":"Differential effects of sodium chloride and monosodium glutamate on kidney of adult and aging mice","volume":"11","author":"Celestino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.006","article-title":"Potassium modulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure through effects on distal cell voltage and chloride","volume":"21","author":"Terker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00530119","article-title":"Healthy Dietary Patterns and Incidence of CKD","volume":"14","author":"Bach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National, R.C. (1996). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanders, A.J., Zock, P.L., and Brouwer, I.A. (2017). Trans Fat Intake and Its Dietary Sources in General Populations Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080840"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E147","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd16.190121","article-title":"Global surveillance of trans-fatty acids","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90543.2008","article-title":"Trans fat feeding results in higher serum alanine aminotransferase and increased insulin resistance compared with a standard murine high-fat diet","volume":"297","author":"Koppe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1810-2","article-title":"Effect of industrial trans-fatty acids-enriched diet on gut microbiota of C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"58","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"72","article-title":"Kidney disease models: Tools to identify mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"39","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zool. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050634","article-title":"Attenuation of Folic Acid-Induced Renal Inflammatory Injury in Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor-Deficient Mice","volume":"168","author":"Doi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028709077125","article-title":"Experimental folic acid nephropathy","volume":"19","author":"Fink","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"92","article-title":"Cell proliferation in mouse kidney after a single injection of folic acid","volume":"19","author":"Baserga","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.1968.tb00967.x","article-title":"Cell proliferation in the rat kidney induced by folic acid","volume":"1","author":"Threlfall","year":"1968","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.66010.x","article-title":"Caspase-1\u2013deficient mice are protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis","volume":"66","author":"Faubel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty036","article-title":"Primer3_masker: Integrating masking of template sequence with primer design software","volume":"34","author":"Lepamets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm091","article-title":"Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3","volume":"23","author":"Koressaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3\u2014New capabilities and interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013010084","article-title":"Ultrasound Prevents Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Stimulating the Splenic Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014080769","article-title":"Ultrasound Modulates the Splenic Neuroimmune Axis in Attenuating AKI","volume":"26","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000363255","article-title":"The spleen: The forgotten organ in acute kidney injury of critical illness","volume":"127","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R.S., Passos, C.S., Novaes, A.S., Maquigussa, E., Gl\u00f3ria, M.A., Vison\u00e1, I., Ykuta, O., Oyama, L.M., and Boim, M.A. (2017). Precocious obesity predisposes the development of more severe cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in young adult mice. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174721"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1512","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00215.2007","article-title":"Delayed recovery of renal regional blood flow in diabetic mice subjected to acute ischemic kidney injury","volume":"293","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F515","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00533.2012","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 mediates increased susceptibility to ischemic AKI in diabetes","volume":"304","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16977-z","article-title":"Diabetes Aggravates Post-ischaemic Renal Fibrosis through Persistent Activation of TGF-\u03b21 and Shh Signalling","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.226","article-title":"Hyperglycemia, p53, and mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis are involved in the susceptibility of diabetic models to ischemic acute kidney injury","volume":"87","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007070744","article-title":"IL-6\/IL-6R Axis Plays a Critical Role in Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"19","author":"Barkan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606253113","article-title":"Patrolling monocytes promote intravascular neutrophil activation and glomerular injury in the acutely inflamed glomerulus","volume":"113","author":"Finsterbusch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175202","article-title":"Identification of Splenic Reservoir Monocytes and Their Deployment to Inflammatory Sites","volume":"325","author":"Swirski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.224","article-title":"The cell cycle and acute kidney injury","volume":"76","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9195","article-title":"Overexpression of the PC3\/TIS21\/BTG2 mRNA is part of the stress response induced by acute pancreatitis in rats","volume":"249","author":"Fiedler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27407","article-title":"Tumor suppressors BTG1 and BTG2: Beyond growth control","volume":"234","author":"Yuniati","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15874","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005477117","article-title":"Cell profiling of mouse acute kidney injury reveals conserved cellular responses to injury","volume":"117","author":"Kirita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moonen, L., D\u2019Haese, P.C., and Vervaet, B.A. (2018). Epithelial Cell Cycle Behaviour in the Injured Kidney. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072038"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94716","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.94716","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the transition from acute to chronic kidney injury following ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidan, M., Burtin, M., Zhang, J.D., Blanc, T., Barre, P., Garbay, S., Nguyen, C., Vasseur, F., Yammine, L., and Germano, S. (2020). Signaling pathways predisposing to chronic kidney disease progression. JCI Insight, 5.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126183"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"255","article-title":"Onset of nephrocalcinosis depends on dietary phosphorus concentration in male rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet","volume":"19","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"125","article-title":"Feeding Different Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Sources Influences Renal Fatty Acid Composition, Inflammation, and Occurrence of Nephrocalcinosis in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"4","author":"Gigliotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p43","DOI":"10.1159\/000080263","article-title":"Osteopontin and Calcium Stone Formation","volume":"98","author":"Kleinman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000040593.93815.9D","article-title":"Osteopontin Is a Critical Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation and Retention in Renal Tubules","volume":"14","author":"Wesson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9698-6","article-title":"Role of osteopontin in modulation of hydroxyapatite formation","volume":"93","author":"Hunter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1935","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00383.2007","article-title":"Renal calcinosis and stone formation in mice lacking osteopontin, Tamm-Horsfall protein, or both","volume":"293","author":"Mo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"507","article-title":"An oestrogen-linked nephrocalcinosis in rats","volume":"50","author":"Geary","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1258\/002367789780745944","article-title":"Nutrition and kidney calcification in rats","volume":"23","author":"Lemmensi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00032.x","article-title":"Expression, roles, receptors, and regulation of osteopontin in the kidney","volume":"60","author":"Xie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00974","article-title":"Natural IgM and TLR Agonists Switch Murine Splenic Pan-B to \u201cRegulatory\u201d Cells That Suppress Ischemia-Induced Innate Inflammation via Regulating NKT-1 Cells","volume":"8","author":"Lobo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09092-2","article-title":"A late B lymphocyte action in dysfunctional tissue repair following kidney injury and transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903239","article-title":"B cell subsets contribute to renal injury and renal protection after ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"185","author":"Renner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009020182","article-title":"B Cells Limit Repair after Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"21","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.03.016","article-title":"Ferroptosis and Necroptosis in the Kidney","volume":"27","author":"Belavgeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000490807","article-title":"Cell Death Pathways Drive Necroinflammation during Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"140","author":"Tonnus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014030262","article-title":"Regulated Cell Death in AKI","volume":"25","author":"Linkermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1487","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00352.2012","article-title":"Mouse model of ischemic acute kidney injury: Technical notes and tricks","volume":"303","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.43","article-title":"The volatile anesthetic isoflurane induces ecto-5\u2032-nucleotidase (CD73) to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"84","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1521\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:56:02Z","timestamp":1760162162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13051521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051521","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}}}