{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:04:31Z","timestamp":1792069471547,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thai Health Promotion Foundation,  Thailand.","award":["not available"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not available"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The health effects of saturated fat, particularly tropical oil, on cardiovascular disease are unclear. We investigated the effect of tropical oil (palm and coconut oils), lard, and other common vegetable oils (soybean and rice bran oils) that are widely used in tropical and Asian countries on lipid profiles. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched up to December 2018 without language restriction. We identified nine meta-analyses that investigated the effect of dietary oils on lipid levels. Replacement of polyunsaturated fatty-acid-rich oils (PUFAs) and monounsaturated FA-rich oils (MUFAs) with palm oil significantly increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), by 3.43 (0.44\u20136.41) mg\/dL and 9.18 (6.90\u201311.45) mg\/dL, respectively, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), by 1.89 (1.23\u20132.55) mg\/dL and 0.94 (\u22120.07\u20131.97) mg\/dL, respectively. Replacement of PUFAs with coconut oil significantly increased HDL-c and total cholesterol \u2013by 2.27 (0.93\u20133.6) mg\/dL and 5.88 (0.21\u201311.55) mg\/dL, respectively\u2014but not LDL-c. Substituting lard for MUFAs and PUFAs increased LDL-c\u2013by 8.39 (2.83\u201313.95) mg\/dL and 9.85 (6.06\u201313.65) mg\/dL, respectively\u2014but not HDL-c. Soybean oil substituted for other PUFAs had no effect on lipid levels, while rice bran oil substitution decreased LDL-c. Our findings show the deleterious effect of saturated fats from animal sources on lipid profiles. Replacement of unsaturated plant-derived fats with plant-derived saturated fats slightly increases LDL-c but also increases HDL-c, which in turn may exert a neutral effect on cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1620255102000},"page":"1549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Tropical Oil Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1525-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanita","family":"Unhapipatpong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prapimporn Chattranukulchai","family":"Shantavasinkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijj","family":"Kasemsup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukanya","family":"Siriyotha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daruneewan","family":"Warodomwichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition and Biochemical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirikan","family":"Maneesuwannarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fat Consumption Project, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prin","family":"Vathesatogkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyamitr","family":"Sritara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammarin","family":"Thakkinstian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.26","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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