{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:40:01Z","timestamp":1791812401079,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010613","name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108TMU-TMUH-01; 109TMU-TMUH-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108TMU-TMUH-01; 109TMU-TMUH-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["109-2314-B-038-057, 109-2314-B-038-058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-038-057, 109-2314-B-038-058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal nutrition intake during pregnancy may affect the mother-to-child transmission of bacteria, resulting in gut microflora changes in the offspring, with long-term health consequences in later life. Longitudinal human studies are lacking, as only a small amount of studies showing the effect of nutrition intake during pregnancy on the gut microbiome of infants have been performed, and these studies have been mainly conducted on animals. This pilot study explores the effects of high or low fruit and vegetable gestational intake on the infant microbiome. We enrolled pregnant women with a complete 3-day dietary record and received postpartum follow-up. The 16S rRNA gene sequence was used to characterize the infant gut microbiome at 2 months (n = 39). Principal coordinate analysis ordination revealed that the infant gut microbiome clustered differently for high and low maternal fruit and vegetable consumption (p &lt; 0.001). The linear discriminant analysis effect size and feature selection identified 6 and 17 taxa from both the high and low fruit and vegetable consumption groups. Among the 23 abundant taxa, we observed that six maternal intake nutrients were associated with nine taxa (e.g., Erysipelatoclostridium, Isobaculum, Lachnospiraceae, Betaproteobacteria, Burkholderiaceae, Sutterella, Clostridia, Clostridiales, and Lachnoclostridium). The amount of gestational fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with distinct changes in the infant gut microbiome at 2 months of age. Therefore, strategies involving increased fruit and vegetable consumption during pregnancy should be employed for modifying the gut microbiome early in life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1620255102000},"page":"1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Maternal Vegetable and Fruit Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Effects on Infant Gut Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsien-Yu","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Tang","family":"Tung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-8527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chen S. H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4563-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin BoKai","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7011-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-5159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily Chia-Yu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Hong","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-3716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang-Ching","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Does maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation affect outcomes in offspring? A systematic review of food-based approaches","volume":"30","author":"Netting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.234336","article-title":"Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy Are Associated with Child Growth in the First 3 Years of Life","volume":"146","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1241357","article-title":"Impact of maternal nutrition in pregnancy and lactation on offspring gut microbial composition and function","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4889","article-title":"High-fat maternal diet during pregnancy persistently alters the offspring microbiome in a primate model","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0330-z","article-title":"The early infant gut microbiome varies in association with a maternal high-fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301057","article-title":"Parental Dietary Fat Intake Alters Offspring Microbiome and Immunity","volume":"191","author":"Myles","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Lin, Y., Zhuo, Y., Fang, Z., Che, L., Feng, B., and Xu, S. (2019). Maternal Dietary Fiber Composition during Gestation Induces Changes in Offspring Antioxidative Capacity, Inflammatory Response, and Gut Microbiota in a Sow Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010031"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0490-8","article-title":"Maternal diet during pregnancy is related with the infant stool microbiome in a delivery mode-dependent manner","volume":"6","author":"Lundgren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Liang, Q., Balakrishnan, B., Belobrajdic, D.P., Feng, Q.-J., and Zhang, W. (2020). Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020381"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7320","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8320","article-title":"Evidence that asthma is a developmental origin disease influenced by maternal diet and bacterial metabolites","volume":"6","author":"Thorburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.06.029","article-title":"Associations between micronutrient intakes and gut microbiota in a group of adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00203","article-title":"High Fructose Intake During Pregnancy in Rats Influences the Maternal Microbiome and Gut Development in the Offspring","volume":"9","author":"Astbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000373","article-title":"The Maternal Infant Microbiome: Considerations for Labor and Birth","volume":"42","author":"Dunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"MCN Am. J. Matern. Child Nurs."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.07.010","article-title":"Maternal Vertical Transmission Affecting Early-life Microbiota Development","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.-S., Hsieh, R.-H., Tung, Y.-T., Chen, Y.-H., Yang, C., and Chen, Y.C. (2019). Evaluation of a Technological Image-Based Dietary Assessment Tool for Children during Pubertal Growth: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102527"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8133","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8133","article-title":"The impact of storage conditions on human stool 16S rRNA microbiome composition and diversity","volume":"7","author":"Carruthers","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57612-8","article-title":"Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Administration Caused Physiological and Microbiota Changes in Rats","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8986.1","article-title":"Bioconductor Workflow for Microbiome Data Analysis: From raw reads to community analyses","volume":"5","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq706","article-title":"phangorn: Phylogenetic analysis in R","volume":"27","author":"Schliep","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurdie, P.J., and Holmes, S. (2013). Phyloseq: An R Package for Reproducible Interactive Analysis and Graphics of Microbiome Census Data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts342","article-title":"Associating microbiome composition with environmental covariates using generalized UniFrac distances","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1029","article-title":"Compact graphical representation of phylogenetic data and metadata with GraPhlAn","volume":"3","author":"Asnicar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700248","article-title":"Maternal High Fiber Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Influences Regulatory T Cell Differentiation in Offspring in Mice","volume":"199","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0111-5","article-title":"Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses","volume":"12","author":"Maslowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3444","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Trompette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-152818-8.50021-9","article-title":"Metabolic Cycles in the Fermentation by Propionic Acid Bacteria","volume":"18","author":"Wood","year":"1981","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Cell. Regul."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.017228","article-title":"Butyrate esterified to starch is released in the human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"94","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2010.076950","article-title":"Intestinal Bacteroides species associated with coeliac disease","volume":"63","author":"Donat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.028","article-title":"Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04286.x","article-title":"Oral administration of Parabacteroides distasonis antigens attenuates experimental murine colitis through modulation of immunity and microbiota composition","volume":"163","author":"Kverka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, X., Xiang, Y., Lou, F., Tu, P., Zhang, X., Hu, X., Lyu, W., and Xiao, Y. (2020). Microbial Community and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Mapping in the Intestinal Tract of Quail. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10061006"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.10.035","article-title":"The effects of combined dietary probiotics Lactococcus lactis BFE920 and Lactobacillus plantarum FGL0001 on innate immunity and disease resistance in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"42","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.09.008","article-title":"Lactococcus lactis BFE920 activates the innate immune system of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), resulting in protection against Streptococcus iniae infection and enhancing feed efficiency and weight gain in large-scale field studies","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic Treg Cell Homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"24","article-title":"Fructose-induced intestinal microbiota shift following two types of short-term high fructose dietary phases: A microbiota analysis of a crossover intervention study in healthy women","volume":"44","author":"Beisner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, M.H., Lee, E., Oh, M.-J., Kim, Y., and Park, H.-Y. (2018). High-Glucose or -Fructose Diet Cause Changes of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Mice without Body Weight Change. Nutrition, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060761"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurwara, S., Ajami, N.J., Jang, A., Hessel, F.C., Chen, L., Plew, S., Wang, Z., Graham, D.Y., Hair, C., and White, D.L. (2019). Dietary Nutrients Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism and Colonic Mucosa-Associated Gut Microbiome in Individuals with an Endoscopically Normal Colon. Nutrition, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030613"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padilha, M., Danneskiold-Sams\u00f8e, N.B., Brejnrod, A., Hoffmann, C., Cabral, V.P., Iaucci, J.D.M., Sales, C.H., Fisberg, R.M., Cortez, R.V., and Brix, S. (2019). The Human Milk Microbiota is Modulated by Maternal Diet. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7110502"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602048","article-title":"Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant","volume":"59","author":"Hoppu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1489-4","article-title":"Dynamic construction of gut microbiota may influence allergic diseases of infants in Southwest China","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.006","article-title":"Intestinal Dysbiosis Featuring Abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus Associates with Allergic Diseases in Infants","volume":"154","author":"Chua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:24Z","timestamp":1760162244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13051559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051559","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]}}}