{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:31:42Z","timestamp":1792643502943,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stichting Steun Emma","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many put their hopes in the rapid availability of effective immunizations. Human milk, containing antibodies against syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may serve as means of protection through passive immunization. We aimed to determine the presence and pseudovirus neutralization capacity of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA in human milk of mothers who recovered from COVID-19, and the effect of pasteurization on these antibodies. Methods: This prospective case control study included lactating mothers, recovered from (suspected) COVID-19 and healthy controls. Human milk and serum samples were collected. To assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies we used multiple complementary assays, namely ELISA with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (specific for IgA and IgG), receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) protein for IgG in serum, and bridging ELISA with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD and N protein for specific Ig (IgG, IgM and IgA in human milk and serum). To assess the effect of pasteurization, human milk was exposed to Holder (HoP) and High Pressure Pasteurization (HPP). Results: Human milk contained abundant SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 83% of the proven cases and in 67% of the suspected cases. Unpasteurized milk with and without these antibodies was found to be capable of neutralizing a pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 in (97% and 85% of the samples respectively). After pasteurization, total IgA antibody levels were affected by HoP, while SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels were affected by HPP. Pseudovirus neutralizing capacity of the human milk samples was only retained with the HPP approach. No correlation was observed between milk antibody levels and neutralization capacity. Conclusions: Human milk from recovered COVID-19-infected mothers contains SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies which maintained neutralization capacity after HPP. All together this may represent a safe and effective immunization strategy after HPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"1645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Human Milk from Previously COVID-19-Infected Mothers: The Effect of Pasteurization on Specific Antibodies and Neutralization Capacity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2848-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britt J.","family":"van Keulen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Romijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0985-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Bondt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0732-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly A.","family":"Dingess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3099-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Kontopodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Food Quality &amp; Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6373-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlijn","family":"van der Straten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2608-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurits A.","family":"den Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meliawati","family":"Poniman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berend J.","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Infectious Diseases &amp; Immunology\/Laboratory of Virology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J. M.","family":"Brouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christianne J. M.","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7114-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Infectious Diseases &amp; Immunology\/Laboratory of Virology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5232-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dasja","family":"Pajkrt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogier W.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunolgy, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schoonderwoerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sem","family":"Tamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rian A. H.","family":"Timmermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food &amp; Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gestur","family":"Vidarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9190, 1006 AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koert J.","family":"Stittelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viroclinics Xplore, Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Nistelrooise Baan 3, 5374 RE Schaijk, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo T.","family":"Rispens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research &amp; Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper A.","family":"Hettinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Quality &amp; Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit J.","family":"van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2405-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert J. R.","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes B.","family":"van Goudoever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31252-6","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine development pipeline gears up","volume":"395","author":"Mullard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31819f1e05","article-title":"Breast-feeding: A commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition","volume":"49","author":"Agostoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2283","article-title":"Full breastfeeding duration and associated decrease in respiratory tract infection in US children","volume":"117","author":"Chantry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62704-4","article-title":"Breastfeeding provides passive and likely long-lasting active immunity","volume":"81","author":"Hanson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.41","article-title":"Secretory IgA\u2019s complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut","volume":"4","author":"Mantis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00336-0","article-title":"Transfer of antibody via mother\u2019s milk","volume":"21","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.2.947-957.2004","article-title":"Secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies against the sigma1 outer capsid protein of reovirus type 1 Lang prevent infection of mouse Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"78","author":"Hutchings","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.04.009","article-title":"Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein RNA binding domain reveals potential unique drug targeting sites","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlaudecker, E.P., Steinhoff, M.C., Omer, S.B., McNeal, M.M., Roy, E., Arifeen, S.E., Dodd, C.N., Raqib, R., Breiman, R.F., and Zaman, K. (2013). IgA and neutralizing antibodies to influenza a virus in human milk: A randomized trial of antenatal influenza immunization. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070867"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demers-Mathieu, V., Huston, R.K., Markell, A.M., McCulley, E.A., Martin, R.L., and Dallas, D.C. (2019). Antenatal Influenza A-Specific IgA, IgM, and IgG Antibodies in Mother\u2019s Own Breast Milk and Donor Breast Milk, and Gastric Contents and Stools from Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071567"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101735","article-title":"Robust and Specific Secretory IgA Against SARS-CoV-2 Detected in Human Milk","volume":"23","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Italian Association of Human Milk Banks Associazione Italiana Banche del Latte Umano Donato, Arslanoglu, S., Bertino, E., Tonetto, P., de Nisi, G., Ambruzzi, A.M., Biasini, A., Profeti, C., Spreghini, M.R., and Moro, G.E. (2010). Guidelines for the establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med., 23, 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.512414"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80759-2","article-title":"Influence of the heat treatment of human milk on some of its protective constituents","volume":"90","author":"Ford","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demers-Mathieu, V., Huston, R.K., Markell, A.M., McCulley, E.A., Martin, R.L., Spooner, M., and Dallas, D.C. (2019). Differences in Maternal Immunoglobulins within Mother\u2019s Own Breast Milk and Donor Breast Milk and across Digestion in Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040920"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334407303945","article-title":"Effects of high-pressure processing on immunoglobulin A and lysozyme activity in human milk","volume":"23","author":"Viazis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesolowska, A., Sinkiewicz-Darol, E., Barbarska, O., Bernatowicz-Lojko, U., Borszewska-Kornacka, M.K., and van Goudoever, J.B. (2019). Innovative Techniques of Processing Human Milk to Preserve Key Components. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051169"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM Structure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000767","article-title":"Development of a SARS-CoV-2 Total Antibody Assay and the Dynamics of Antibody Response over Time in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients with COVID-19","volume":"205","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201181","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201181","article-title":"Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses","volume":"217","author":"Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasubramaniam, V., Barbosa-C\u00e1novas, G., and Lelieveld, H. (2016). Fundamentals and Applications of High-Pressure Processing. High Pressure Processing of Food, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3234-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108629","article-title":"Comparing thermal inactivation to a combined process of moderate heat and high pressure: Effect on ascospores in strawberry puree","volume":"325","author":"Timmermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc5902","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability","volume":"369","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of whey protein on viral infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolin coronavirus in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okba, N.M.A., M\u00fcller, M.A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C.H., Corman, V.M., Lamers, M.M., Sikkema, R.S., de Bruin, E., and Chandler, F.D. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.18.20038059"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd2223","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd2223","article-title":"IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Sterlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.024","article-title":"Effect of thermal pasteurisation and high-pressure processing on immunoglobulin content and lysozyme and lactoperoxidase activity in human colostrum","volume":"151","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.1.109","article-title":"Inactivation of bacterial pathogens in human milk by high-pressure processing","volume":"71","author":"Viazis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peila, C., Moro, G.E., Bertino, E., Cavallarin, L., Giribaldi, M., Giuliani, F., Cresi, F., and Coscia, A. (2016). The Effect of Holder Pasteurization on Nutrients and Biologically-Active Components in Donor Human Milk: A Review. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080477"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pace, R.M., Williams, J.E., J\u00e4rvinen, K.M., Belfort, M.B., Pace, C.D., Lackey, K.A., Gogel, A.C., Nguyen-Contant, P., Kanagaiah, P., and Fitzgerald, T. (2020). COVID-19 and human milk: SARS-CoV-2, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity. MedRxiv, preprint.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.16.20196071"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30103-6","article-title":"US NICUs and donor milk banks brace for COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Furlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1645\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:00:16Z","timestamp":1760162416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13051645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051645","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.08.18.20176743","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}