{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:14:50Z","timestamp":1790957690402,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteins, especially plant proteins, may reduce inflammation among adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect protein types (animal or plant) have on inflammation markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1) among adults with varying stages of CKD. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) was conducted to identify articles from inception until January 2021, utilizing six databases. Controlled trials that compared the effects of different protein types were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis. Quality assessment and risk of bias of the included articles were assessed by using Cochrane risk of bias instrument and ROBINS-I. Out of the 10 studies that met the criteria, there was a decreasing trend in CRP levels when consuming plant proteins compared to animal proteins among non-dialysis participants. There was a statistically significant decrease when comparing animal proteins to unspecified proteins in CRP levels among dialysis participants [Hedges\u2019 g = 2.11; 95% CI 1.12, 3.11; p \u2264 0.001], favoring unspecified proteins. Furthermore, animal proteins (eggs, red meat) showed increasing trends in CRP levels compared to whey protein isolate. Caution must be considered regarding these results as controlled, non-randomized, trials were included in the analysis, which may have contributed to high risk of bias. Future research should focus on protein types and the impact they have on kidney disease progression and inflammation markers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T03:28:36Z","timestamp":1620962916000},"page":"1660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Influence of Plant and Animal Proteins on Inflammation Markers among Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3404-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle Francesca","family":"Aycart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Eguiguren-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette Mary","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: The new silent killer","volume":"106","author":"Kopyt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000369817","article-title":"Uremic toxins and their effects on multiple organ systems","volume":"128","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.52","article-title":"The systemic nature of CKD","volume":"13","author":"ZoCCali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii35","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy175","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in end-stage renal disease and dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Cobo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1053\/j.arrt.2003.08.008","article-title":"Inflammation and nutrition in renal insufficiency","volume":"10","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Ren. Replace. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.02.013","article-title":"Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomakers, and why it matters","volume":"70","author":"Gangestad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00422.x","article-title":"Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure","volume":"55","author":"Stenvinkel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00273.x","article-title":"Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"55","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magno, A.L., Herat, L.Y., Carnagarin, R., Schlaich, M.P., and Matthews, V.B. (2019). Current knowledge of IL-6 cytokine family members in acute and chronic kidney disease. Biomedicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7010019"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00465.x","article-title":"Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease","volume":"65","author":"Oberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00405","article-title":"Interleukin-6 signaling pathway and its role in kidney disease: An update","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000479256","article-title":"Inflammation and protein-energy wasting in the uremic milieu","volume":"191","author":"Jankowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihai, S., Codrici, E., Popescu, I.D., Enciu, A.M., Albulescu, L., Necula, L.G., Mambet, C., Anton, G., and Tanase, C. (2018). Inflammation-related mechanisms in chronic kidney disease prediction, progression, and outcome. J. Immunol. Res., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2180373"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60595-4","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention","volume":"382","author":"Gansevoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000493862","article-title":"Gut microbial product predicts cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"48","author":"Jadoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.160215","article-title":"Oral health and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"88","author":"Ruokonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.01.008","article-title":"Does kidney longevity mean healthy vegan food and less meat or is any low-protein diet good enough?","volume":"29","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06190616","article-title":"Healthy dietary patterns and risk of mortality and ESRD in CKD: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"12","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"CD001892","article-title":"Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults","volume":"19","author":"Fouque","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"CD001892","article-title":"Low protein diets for non-diabetic adults with chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Hahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v31.pm9631839","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein restriction on the rate of decline in renal function","volume":"31","author":"Kasiske","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12264","article-title":"Low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., Su, X., Xu, B., Qiao, X., and Wang, L. (2018). Effect of diet protein restriction on progression of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206134"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.06.008","article-title":"A prospective study of dietary meat intake and risk of incident chronic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2016.11.004","article-title":"Dietary protein sources and risk for incident chronic kidney disease: Results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"27","author":"Haring","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000342","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clinc. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030248","article-title":"Red meat intake and risk of ESRD","volume":"28","author":"Lew","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toumpanakis, A., Turnbull, T., and Alba-Barba, I. (2018). Effectiveness of plant-based diets in promoting well-being in the management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care, 6.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2018-000534"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zha, Y., and Qian, Q. (2017). Protein nutrition and malnutrition in CKD and ESRD. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030208"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0552-0","article-title":"The effects of plant-based diets on the body and the brain: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Medawar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1138447","article-title":"Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"57","author":"Dinu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12391018","article-title":"Plant-based diets and incident CKD and kidney function","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0297-2","article-title":"Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Joshi, S., Schlueter, R., Cooke, J., Brown-Tortorici, A., Donnelly, M., Schulman, S., Lau, W.L., Rhee, C.M., and Streja, E. (2020). Plant-dominant low-protein diet for conservative management of chronic kidney disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0516.v1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000490499","article-title":"Dietary oxidative balance scores and biomarkers of inflammation among individuals with and without chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron Extra"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx085","article-title":"Mediterranean diet as the diet of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Chauveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy164","article-title":"Vegetarian diets and chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Chauveau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V. (2019). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley & Sons. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne, J.A., Hernan, M.A., Reeves, B.C., Savovic, J., Berkman, N.D., Viswanathan, M., Henry, D., Altman, D.G., Ansari, M.T., and Boutron, I. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ, 355.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP64103","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in severe chronic renal failure: The role of dietry treatment","volume":"64","author":"Bergesio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Iorio, B.R., di Micco, L., Marzocco, S., de Simone, E., de Blasio, A., Sirico, M.L., and Nardone, L. (2017). Very low-protein diet (VLPD) reduces metabolic acidosis in subjects with chronic kidney disease: The \u201cNutritional light signal\u201d of the renal acid load. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010069"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx203","article-title":"Nutritional therapy reduces protein carbamylation through urea lowering in chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Marzocco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl169","article-title":"Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation\u2014Correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants","volume":"21","author":"Fanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Effect of high-protein meals during hemodialysis combined with lanthanum carbonate in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients: Findings from the FrEDI randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Rhee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.9.368","article-title":"Safety and antioxidant effects of a modest soy protein intervention in hemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Siefker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.794659","article-title":"Red meat snacks for chronic hemodialysis patients: Effect on inflammatory activity (A Pilot Study)","volume":"35","author":"Maduro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.03.084","article-title":"A low-cost, intradialytic, protein-rich meal improves the nutritional status in Chinese hemodialysis patients","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.04.002","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and feasibility of whey protein isolates supplementation in malnourished peritoneal dialysis patients: A multicenter, parallel, open-label randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Sahathevan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.04.003","article-title":"Effect of an intradialytic protein-rich meal intake in nutritional and body composition parameters on hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Caetano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00281","article-title":"Regulation of K+ nutrition in plants","volume":"10","author":"Ragel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.03.008","article-title":"Diet-induced metabolic acidosis","volume":"30","author":"Adeva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2012.01.026","article-title":"plant protein intake is associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum bicarbonate levels in patients with chronic kidney disease: The chronic renal insufficiency cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Scialla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2640-5","article-title":"Protein content and amino acid composition of commerically available plant-based protein isolates","volume":"50","author":"Gorissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V104864","article-title":"Serum levels and metabolic clearance of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in hemodialysis patients","volume":"10","author":"Fanti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.03.012","article-title":"Effects of soy protein containing isoflavones in patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Jing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Associations of a vegan diet with inflammatory biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Menzel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011367","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011367","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a vegan diet versus the American heart association recommended diet in coronary artery disease trial","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz019","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz019","article-title":"Dietary protein and changes in biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the Framinham heart study offspring cohort","volume":"3","author":"Hruby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7021131","article-title":"Effect of whey supplementation on circulating C-reactive protein: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00434","article-title":"Targeting inflammation and downstream protein metabolism in sacropenia: A brief up-dated description of concurrent exercise and leucine-based multimodal intervention","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.3.376","article-title":"Oral leucine administration stimulates protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"135","author":"Crozier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01208-4","article-title":"Thirteen weeks of supplementation of vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement attenuates chronic low-grade inflammation in sarcopenic older adults: The PROVIDE study","volume":"31","author":"Liberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206776843296","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic potential of whey proteins and peptides","volume":"12","author":"Yalcin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.339","article-title":"Amino acid and albumin losses during hemodialysis","volume":"46","author":"Ikizler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603725","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.603725","article-title":"Normalized protein catabolic rate is a superior nutritional marker associated with dialysis adequacy in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02150218","article-title":"Protein energy wasting in hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Sarav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.240","article-title":"Associations among perceived and objective disease knowledge and satisfaction with physician communication in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"80","author":"Wallston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinac, C.R., Sears, D.D., Natarajan, L., Gallo, L.C., Breen, C.I., and Patterson, R.E. (2015). Frequency and circadian timing of eating may influence biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance associated with breast cancer risk. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136240"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.283","article-title":"Markers of inflammation predict the long-term risk of developing chronic kidney disease: A population-based cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Shankar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3282f5dbce","article-title":"Nutrition, inflammation and chronic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Ikizler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:00:38Z","timestamp":1760162438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/5\/1660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13051660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13051660","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]}}}