{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:48Z","timestamp":1787029188980,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["BFU2012-40254-C03-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2012-40254-C03-02"]}]},{"name":"European Commission MyNewGut FP7 EU Project","award":["613979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["613979"]}]},{"name":"DynaHEALTH EU Project HORIZON 2020","award":["633595-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633595-2"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports","award":["FPU16\/04587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU16\/04587"]}]},{"name":"Marie Curie post-doctoral fellowship","award":["329812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["329812"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda: Excellence Projects","award":["P06-CTS-02341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P06-CTS-02341"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: During early life, dynamic gut colonization and brain development co-occur with potential cross-talk mechanisms affecting behaviour. METHODS: We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to examine the associations between gut microbiota and neurodevelopmental outcomes assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III in 71 full-term healthy infants at 18 months of age. We hypothesized that children would differ in gut microbial diversity, enterotypes obtained by Dirichlet multinomial mixture analysis and specific taxa based on their behavioural characteristics. RESULTS: In children dichotomized by behavioural trait performance in above- and below-median groups, weighted Unifrac b-diversity exhibited significant differences in fine motor (FM) activity. Dirichlet multinomial mixture modelling identified two enterotypes strongly associated with FM outcomes. When controlling for maternal pre-gestational BMI and breastfeeding for up to 3 months, the examination of signature taxa in FM groups showed that Turicibacter and Parabacteroides were highly abundant in the below-median FM group, while Collinsella, Coprococcus, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Propionibacterium, Roseburia, Veillonella, an unassigned genus within Veillonellaceae and, interestingly, probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were more abundant in the above-median FM group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an association between enterotypes and specific genera with FM activity and may represent an opportunity for probiotic interventions relevant to treatment for motor disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,16]],"date-time":"2021-05-16T23:17:16Z","timestamp":1621207036000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Infant Gut Microbiota Associated with Fine Motor Skills"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5653-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Cerd\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6464-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen\u2019s Medical Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4602-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Torres-Esp\u00ednola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-9852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-9787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, Armilla, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Campoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Network of Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada\u2019s Node, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health: An Integrative View","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.115","article-title":"Normal Development of Brain Circuits","volume":"35","author":"Tau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-017-0564-2","article-title":"Food Additives, Contaminants and Other Minor Components: Effects on Human Gut Microbiota\u2014A Review","volume":"74","author":"Miranda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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