{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:38:28Z","timestamp":1792118308788,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":376,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERASMUS+ project strategic partnership","award":["2020-1-CZ01-KA203-078218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1-CZ01-KA203-078218"]}]},{"name":"EFSA-CDN project co-funded by the ERDF","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000841"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A is a group of vital micronutrients widely present in the human diet. Animal-based products are a rich source of the retinyl ester form of the vitamin, while vegetables and fruits contain carotenoids, most of which are provitamin A. Vitamin A plays a key role in the correct functioning of multiple physiological functions. The human organism can metabolize natural forms of vitamin A and provitamin A into biologically active forms (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), which interact with multiple molecular targets, including nuclear receptors, opsin in the retina and, according to the latest research, also some enzymes. In this review, we aim to provide a complex view on the present knowledge about vitamin A ranging from its sources through its physiological functions to consequences of its deficiency and metabolic fate up to possible pharmacological administration and potential toxicity. Current analytical methods used for its detection in real samples are included as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1621317693000},"page":"1703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":404,"title":["Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3604-7981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Carazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovsk\u00e9ho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Mac\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovsk\u00e9ho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-5770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Matou\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3825-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka Kujovsk\u00e1","family":"Kr\u010dmov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Sokolsk\u00e1 581, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovsk\u00e9ho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9310-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Protti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum\u2013University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u0159emysl","family":"Mlad\u011bnka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovsk\u00e9ho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3010063","article-title":"Vitamin A metabolism: An update","volume":"3","author":"Clugston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-3701-2-11","article-title":"Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development","volume":"2","author":"Kam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. 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