{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:27:35Z","timestamp":1778239655909,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inadequate sodium and potassium dietary intakes are associated with major, yet preventable, health consequences. Local public health interventions can be facilitated and informed by fine-scale geospatial analyses. In this study, we assess the existence of spatial clustering (i.e., an unusual concentration of individuals with a specific outcome in space) of estimated sodium (Na), potassium (K) intakes, and Na:K ratio in the Bus Sant\u00e9 1992\u20132018 annual population-based surveys, including 22,495 participants aged 20\u201374 years, residing in the canton of Geneva, using the local Moran\u2019s I spatial statistics. We also investigate whether socio-demographic and food environment characteristics are associated with identified spatial clustering, using both global ordinary least squares (OLS) and local geographically weighted regression (GWR) modeling. We identified clear spatial clustering of Na:K ratio, Na, and K intakes. The GWR outperformed the OLS models and revealed spatial variations in the associations between explanatory and outcome variables. Older age, being a woman, higher education, and having a lower access to supermarkets were associated with higher Na:K ratio, while the opposite was seen for having the Swiss nationality. Socio-demographic characteristics explained a major part of the identified clusters. Socio-demographic and food environment characteristics significantly differed between individuals in spatial clusters of high and low Na:K ratio, Na, and K intakes. These findings could guide prioritized place-based interventions tailored to the characteristics of the identified populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1621980143000},"page":"1798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Geospatial Analysis of Sodium and Potassium Intake: A Swiss Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6462-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0037-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00ebn N.","family":"Belle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4548-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murielle","family":"Bochud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisant\u00e9), University of Lausanne, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Stringhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Group of 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Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001852","article-title":"The atlas of heart 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