{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:50:52Z","timestamp":1790635852051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["189019N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["189019N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V427019N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V427019N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Methyl-group donors (MGDs), including folate, choline, betaine, and methionine, may influence breast cancer (BC) risk through their role in one-carbon metabolism; (2) Methods: We studied the relationship between dietary intakes of MGDs and BC risk, adopting data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort; (3) Results: 318,686 pre- and postmenopausal women were followed between enrolment in 1992\u20132000 and December 2013\u2013December 2015. Dietary MGD intakes were estimated at baseline through food-frequency questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to quantify the association between dietary intake of MGDs, measured both as a calculated score based on their sum and individually, and BC risk. Subgroup analyses were performed by hormone receptor status, menopausal status, and level of alcohol intake. During a mean follow-up time of 14.1 years, 13,320 women with malignant BC were identified. No associations were found between dietary intakes of the MGD score or individual MGDs and BC risk. However, a potential U-shaped relationship was observed between dietary folate intake and overall BC risk, suggesting an inverse association for intakes up to 350 \u00b5g\/day compared to a reference intake of 205 \u00b5g\/day. No statistically significant differences in the associations were observed by hormone receptor status, menopausal status, or level of alcohol intake; (4) Conclusions: There was no strong evidence for an association between MGDs involved in one-carbon metabolism and BC risk. However, a potential U-shaped trend was suggested for dietary folate intake and BC risk. Further research is needed to clarify this association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1622425897000},"page":"1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dietary Methyl-Group Donor Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heleen","family":"Van Puyvelde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Papadimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4231-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Clasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-0929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carine","family":"Biessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jytte","family":"Halkj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Overvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tj\u00f8nneland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e T.","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Katzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias B.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Chiodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5758-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Masala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network\u2014ISPRO, 50139 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5438-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Pala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano Via Venezian, 1, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Sacerdote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Tumino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7), 97100 Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marije F.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Agudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Institut Catal\u00e0 d\u2019Oncologa, 08908 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ardanaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarra Public Health Institute, 31003 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Chirlaque L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Jose","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Escuela Andaluza de Salud P\u00fablica (EASP), 18011 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs., 18014 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Ericson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malm\u00f6, Lund University, 205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4688-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Gylling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit Pathology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Ume\u00e5 Universitet, 901 85 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Manjer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Malm\u00f6, Lund University, Br\u00f6stmottagningen, 214 28 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7733-8750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 LF7, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabete","family":"Weiderpass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Director, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6517-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia K.","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lode","family":"Godderis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"IDEWE (Externe dienst voor Preventie en Bescherming op het Werk), 3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Van Herck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Bacquer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Gunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, CEDEX 08, 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.07.005","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in europe: Estimates for 40 countries and 25 major cancers in 2018","volume":"103","author":"Ferlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513488795","article-title":"Risk factors of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Anothaisintawee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2002). Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 96,973 women without the disease. Lancet, 360, 187\u2013195.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09454-0"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: Individual participant meta-analysis, including 118,964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol., 13, 1141\u20131151.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70425-4"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2001). Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Familial breast cancer: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet, 358, 1389\u20131399.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06524-2"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0317-7","article-title":"Pooled cohort study on height and risk of cancer and cancer death","volume":"25","author":"Ulmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"WCRF (2018). Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Breast Cancer, World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research. Available online: Dietandcancerreport.org."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (2020, March 20). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28. 2015. Documentation and User Guide, Available online: http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ba\/bhnrc\/ndl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.11.007","article-title":"One-carbon metabolism and epigenetics","volume":"54","author":"Friso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.06.012","article-title":"The role of nutrition on epigenetic modifications and their implications on health","volume":"94","author":"Pentinat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.03.003","article-title":"Nutrition and epigenetics: An interplay of dietary methyl donors, one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-F., Shi, W.-W., Gao, H.-F., Zhou, L., Hou, A.-J., and Zhou, Y.-H. (2014). Folate intake and the risk of breast cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100044"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.5.2323","article-title":"Lack of effects of dietary folate intake on risk of breast cancer: An updated meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.155","article-title":"Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2020.02.012","article-title":"Association between one-carbon metabolism-related vitamins and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2014.16","article-title":"Folate intake and the risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Tio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj440","article-title":"Meta-analyses of observational and genetic association studies of folate intakes or levels and breast cancer risk","volume":"98","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk006","article-title":"Folate and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Larsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"367","article-title":"Dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk: European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition","volume":"107","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Choline and betaine consumption lowers cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.438","article-title":"Association of vitamin b6, vitamin b12 and methionine with risk of breast cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.26568","article-title":"Folate and one-carbon metabolism nutrients from supplements and diet in relation to breast cancer risk","volume":"89","author":"Maruti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0232-y","article-title":"Dietary intake of b vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk","volume":"24","author":"Bassett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.3.266","article-title":"Dietary folate consumption and breast cancer risk","volume":"92","author":"Rohan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq491","article-title":"Dietary b vitamin and methionine intakes and breast cancer risk among chinese women","volume":"173","author":"Shrubsole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604540","article-title":"Dietary intake of selected b vitamins in relation to risk of major cancers in women","volume":"99","author":"Kabat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.1.2.2677","article-title":"Long-range allosteric interactions between the folate and methionine cycles stabilize DNA methylation reaction rate","volume":"1","author":"Nijhout","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2002394","article-title":"European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (epic): Study populations and data collection","volume":"5","author":"Riboli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.suppl_1.S6","article-title":"The epic project: Rationale and study design. European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition","volume":"26","author":"Riboli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127231","article-title":"Methodological approaches to compile and validate a food composition database for methyl-group carriers in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (epic) study","volume":"330","author":"Versele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000391","article-title":"Critical evaluation of folate data in european and international databases: Recommendations for standardization in international nutritional studies","volume":"55","author":"Bouckaert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602679","article-title":"The epic nutrient database project (endb): A first attempt to standardize nutrient databases across the 10 european countries participating in the epic study","volume":"61","author":"Slimani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.11.044","article-title":"Compilation of a standardised international folate database for epic","volume":"193","author":"Nicolas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0112-9","article-title":"Alcohol intake and breast cancer risk: The european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (epic)","volume":"18","author":"Tjonneland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.2.271","article-title":"Folate and cancer prevention: A closer look at a complex picture","volume":"86","author":"Ulrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1673-8527(08)60108-3","article-title":"One-carbon metabolism and breast cancer: An epidemiological perspective","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.118","article-title":"One-carbon metabolism in cancer","volume":"116","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.905","article-title":"Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the framingham offspring study","volume":"83","author":"Cho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2011.10.008","article-title":"Dietary choline deficiency causes DNA strand breaks and alters epigenetic marks on DNA and histones","volume":"733","author":"Zeisel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.01.004","article-title":"A review of methionine dependency and the role of methionine restriction in cancer growth control and life-span extension","volume":"38","author":"Cavuoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30536","article-title":"Biomarkers of folate and vitamin b12 and breast cancer risk: Report from the epic cohort","volume":"140","author":"Matejcic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1183-3","article-title":"Serum betaine but not choline is inversely associated with breast cancer risk: A case-control study in china","volume":"56","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"His, M., Viallon, V., Dossus, L., Gicquiau, A., Achaintre, D., Scalbert, A., Ferrari, P., Romieu, I., Onland-Moret, N.C., and Weiderpass, E. (2019). Prospective analysis of circulating metabolites and breast cancer in epic. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1408-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.10.031","article-title":"Female breast cancer and alcohol consumption: A review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Scoccianti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2005.05.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of alcohol-associated cancers: Introduction and summary of the symposium","volume":"35","author":"Purohit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"25","article-title":"Alcohol, DNA methylation, and cancer","volume":"35","author":"Woodhoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1843\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:38Z","timestamp":1760162978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13061843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]}}}