{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:07:13Z","timestamp":1776377233748,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN)","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The US Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) provide dietary recommendations to meet nutrient needs, promote health, and prevent disease. Despite 40 years of DGA, the prevalence of under-consumed nutrients continues in the US and globally, although dietary supplement use can help to fill shortfalls. Nutrient recommendations are based on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) to meet the nutrient requirements for nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group and many need to be updated using current evidence. There is an opportunity to modernize vitamin and mineral intake recommendations based on biomarker or surrogate endpoint levels needed to \u2018prevent deficiency\u2019 with DRIs based on ranges of biomarker or surrogate endpoints levels that support normal cell\/organ\/tissue function in healthy individuals, and to establish DRIs for bioactive compounds. We recommend vitamin K and Mg DRIs be updated and DRIs be established for lutein and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA). With increasing interest in personalized (or precision) nutrition, we propose greater research investment in validating biomarkers and metabolic health measures and the development and use of inexpensive diagnostic devices. Data generated from such approaches will help elucidate optimal nutrient status, provide objective evaluations of an individual\u2019s nutritional status, and serve to provide personalized nutrition guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1622425897000},"page":"1844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Beyond Nutrient Deficiency\u2014Opportunities to Improve Nutritional Status and Promote Health Modernizing DRIs and Supplementation Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael I.","family":"McBurney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 0B5, Canada"},{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca B.","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Magnesium Education and Research, Pahao, HI 96778, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5314-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred","family":"Eggersdorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John W.","family":"Erdman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA"},{"name":"The Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8508-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Hazels Mitmesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science & Technology, Pharmavite LLC, West Hills, CA 91304, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2581-919X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert C.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FoodTrition Solutions, LLC, Hackettstown, NJ 07840, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deshanie","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Regulatory and Scientific Affairs, Omniactive Health Technologies, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon J.","family":"Schurgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1980). 1980 Dietary Guidelines for Americans."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1985). 1985 Dietary Guidelines for Americans."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"CDC (1992). Recommendations for the Use of Folic Acid to Reduce the Number of Cases of Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects. MMWR, 41, 1\u20137."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"FDA (2016). Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Label. Fed. Regist., 81, 33741\u201333999."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FDA (2019, May 10). Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels and Serving Sizes of Foods That Can Reasonably Be Consumed at One Eating Occasion; Dual-Column Labeling; Updating, Modifying, and Establishing Certain Reference Amounts Customarily Consumed; Serving Size for Breath Mints; and Technical Amendments; Extension of Compliance Dates, Available online: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2018\/05\/04\/2018-09476\/food-labeling-revision-of-the-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels-and-serving-sizes-of-foods-that."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"FDA (1994). Food Labeling: Requirements for Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements of Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, and Other Similar Nutritional Substances. Fed. Regist., 59, 354\u2013395."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"FDA (1993). Food Labeling: Health Claims and Label Statements; Folate and Neural Tube Defects. Fed. Regist., 58, 53254\u201353295."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"FDA (1996). Food Standards: Amendment of Standards of Identity for Enriched Grain Products to Require Addition of Folic Acid. Fed. Regist., 61, 8781\u20138796."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"FDA (2016). Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption: Folic Acid. Fed. Regist., 81, 22176\u201322183."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hatch, O.G. (2020, December 17). S.784 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, Available online: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/103\/bills\/s784\/BILLS-103s784enr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020, October 18). 1995 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/1995%20Dietary%20Guidelines%20for%20Americans.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020, October 18). 2000 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-01\/DGA2000.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx025","article-title":"The History and Future of Dietary Guidance in America","volume":"9","author":"Jahns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071670","article-title":"USDA Nutrition Evidence Library: Methodology Used to Identify Topics and Develop Systematic Review Questions for the Birth-to\u201324-Mo Population","volume":"99","author":"Obbagy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2015). 2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2020). Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services, Agricultural Research Service."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"NIH (2020, November 17). Notice of Intent to Publish a Funding Opportunity Announcement for Nutrition for Precision Health, Powered by the All of Us Research Program: Metabolomics and Clinical Assays Center (U24), Available online: https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/guide\/notice-files\/NOT-RM-21-002.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Dell, B.L., and Sunde, R.A. (1997). Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements, Marcel Dekker, Inc.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482273106"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215587913","article-title":"Dietary Essentiality of \u201cNutritionally Non-Essential Amino Acids\u201d for Animals and Humans","volume":"240","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60033a001","article-title":"The History of the Discovery of the Amino Acids","volume":"9","author":"Vickery","year":"1931","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12960","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201205886","article-title":"One Hundred Years of Vitamins: A Success Story of the Natural Sciences","volume":"51","author":"Eggersdorfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Research Council (1941). Recommended Dietary Allowances, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Research Council (U.S.) (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances, The National Academies Press. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Vitamin D, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients), The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.04.023","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds: Definition and Assessment of Activity","volume":"25","author":"Biesalski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14403","article-title":"Trends in Dietary Supplement Use among US Adults from 1999\u20132012","volume":"316","author":"Kantor","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, A.E., Jun, S., Tooze, J.A., Dodd, K.W., Gahche, J.J., Eicher-Miller, H.A., Guenther, P.M., Dwyer, J.T., Moshfegh, A.J., and Rhodes, D.G. (2019). Comparison of 4 Methods to Assess the Prevalence of Use and Estimates of Nutrient Intakes from Dietary Supplements among US Adults. J. Nutr., nxz306.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz306"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000925","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000925","article-title":"Prevalence and Trends in Dietary Supplement Use among US Adults with Diabetes: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999\u20132014","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab. Res. Care."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.255984","article-title":"Dietary Supplement Use Was Very High among Older Adults in the United States in 2011\u20132014","volume":"147","author":"Gahche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.2299","article-title":"Why US Adults Use Dietary Supplements","volume":"173","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.01.026","article-title":"Examination of Vitamin Intakes among US Adults by Dietary Supplement Use","volume":"112","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195967","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5967","article-title":"Estimation of Total Usual Dietary Intakes of Pregnant Women in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blumberg, J., Frei, B., Fulgoni, V., Weaver, C., and Zeisel, S. (2017). Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy in Various Adult Age Groups. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121325"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, A.E., Jun, S., Tooze, J.A., Eicher-Miller, H.A., Dodd, K.W., Gahche, J.J., Guenther, P.M., Dwyer, J.T., Potischman, N., and Bhadra, A. (2019). Total Usual Micronutrient Intakes Compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes among U.S. Adults by Food Security Status. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010038"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001808","article-title":"Dietary Surveys Indicate Vitamin Intakes below Recommendations Are Common in Representative Western Countries","volume":"108","author":"Troesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"CDC (2020, October 18). Poor Nutrition, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/chronicdisease\/resources\/publications\/factsheets\/nutrition.htm."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"CDC (2021, May 26). Chronic Diseases in America, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/chronicdisease\/pdf\/infographics\/chronic-disease-H.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"American Chemical Society (2020, October 19). American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. The Discovery of Vitamin C by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. Available online: https:\/\/www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/education\/whatischemistry\/landmarks\/szentgyorgyi.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"WHO (2020). WHO Guideline on the Use of Ferritin Concentrations to Assess Iron Status in Individual Populations, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.1.18","article-title":"Estimation of Optimal Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D for Multiple Health Outcomes","volume":"84","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202047n","article-title":"Development and Certification of a Standard Reference Material for Vitamin D Metabolites in Human Serum","volume":"84","author":"Phinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.09.012","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Relation to Physical Performance, Falls and Fractures in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam\u2014A Reanalysis of Previous Findings Using Standardized Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Values","volume":"177","author":"Heymans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-021-00174-8","article-title":"Associations between Serum Calcium, 25(OH)D Level and Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents","volume":"61","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624559","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.624559","article-title":"The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Teshome","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.4.432","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations of Ascorbic Acid Deficiency in Man","volume":"24","author":"Hodges","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Lykkesfeldt, J. (2020). Discrepancies in Global Vitamin C Recommendations: A Review of RDA Criteria and Underlying Health Perspectives. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.053207","article-title":"Human Skeletal Muscle Ascorbate Is Highly Responsive to Changes in Vitamin C Intake and Plasma Concentrations","volume":"97","author":"Carr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.139","article-title":"Vitamin C Status and Mortality in US Adults","volume":"72","author":"Loria","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003725","article-title":"Dietary and Circulating Vitamin C, Vitamin E, \u03b2-Carotene and Risk of Total Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies","volume":"22","author":"Jayedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, S., and Carr, A.C. (2020). Global Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Cause for Concern?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072008"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005124","article-title":"Bioactive Foods and Ingredients for Health","volume":"5","author":"Weaver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007294","article-title":"Dietary Bioactives: Establishing a Scientific Framework for Recommended Intakes","volume":"6","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Establishing a DRI-like Process for Bioactives","volume":"53","author":"Lupton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1195-z","article-title":"Nutrient Reference Value: Non-Communicable Disease Endpoints\u2014A Conference Report","volume":"55","author":"Lupton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020, October 20). Nutrient Assessment for DRI Review, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/our-work\/food-nutrition\/dietary-reference-intakes-dris\/nutrient-assessment-dri-review."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy293","article-title":"A Report of Activities Related to the Dietary Reference Intakes from the Joint Canada-US Dietary Reference Intakes Working Group","volume":"109","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2020, October 20). Evidence Scanning for Riboflavin. Available online: https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/our-work\/evidence-scanning-for-riboflavin."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1580-2","article-title":"Dietary Guidance for Lutein: Consideration for Intake Recommendations Is Scientifically Supported","volume":"56","author":"Ranard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbulut, A.C., Pavlic, A., Petsophonsakul, P., Halder, M., Maresz, K., Kramann, R., and Schurgers, L. (2020). Vitamin K2 Needs an RDI Separate from Vitamin K1. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061852"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"e04780","article-title":"Dietary Reference Values for Vitamin K","volume":"15","author":"Turck","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes: Proposed Definition and Plan for Review of Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200678081477","article-title":"Carotenoids and Other Pigments as Natural Colorants","volume":"78","author":"Mortensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5447-8","article-title":"Preparation and Value Assignment of Standard Reference Material 968e Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Carotenoids, and Cholesterol in Human Serum","volume":"402","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (2020, November 01). F.S.R.G. WWEIA\/NHANES and FNDDS\u2014List of Nutrients\/Food Components (Unit): USDA ARS, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/northeast-area\/beltsville-md-bhnrc\/beltsville-human-nutrition-research-center\/food-surveys-research-group\/docs\/wweianhanes-and-fndds-list-of-nutrientsfood-components-unit\/."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951786","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/951786","article-title":"Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, \u03b1-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study","volume":"2013","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000389","article-title":"Lutein and Preterm Infants with Decreased Concentrations of Brain Carotenoids","volume":"59","author":"Vishwanathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3390\/foods4040547","article-title":"Lutein and Brain Function","volume":"4","author":"Erdman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz066","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz066","article-title":"Lutein across the Lifespan: From Childhood Cognitive Performance to the Aging Eye and Brain","volume":"3","author":"Stringham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy025","article-title":"Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Absorption, Metabolism, and Health Effects of Dietary Carotenoids","volume":"9","author":"Moran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.027","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2)","volume":"119","author":"Chew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opthalmology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1233","article-title":"Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, II: Effects of Age, n\u20133 Fatty Acids, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin on Retinal Pigment Epithelium","volume":"45","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5898","article-title":"Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, V: Effects of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and n-3 Fatty Acids on Retinal Sensitivity to Blue-Light-Induced Damage","volume":"52","author":"Barker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, V., Lietz, G., Olmedilla-Alonso, B., Phelan, D., Reboul, E., B\u00e1nati, D., Borel, P., Corte-Real, J., de Lera, A.R., and Desmarchelier, C. (2020). From Carotenoid Intake to Carotenoid Blood and Tissue Concentrations\u2014Implications for Dietary Intake Recommendations. Nutr. Rev., nuaa008.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa008"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1513","article-title":"Dose-Ranging Study of Lutein Supplementation in Persons Aged 60 Years or Older","volume":"47","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.06.019","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Response of Serum Lutein and Macular Pigment Optical Density to Supplementation with Lutein Esters","volume":"504","author":"Bone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2010.00720.x","article-title":"The Relation between the Macular Carotenoids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin, and Temporal Vision: Macular Pigment and Temporal Vision","volume":"30","author":"Renzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opthalmol. Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obana, A., Tanito, M., Gohto, Y., Okazaki, S., Gellermann, W., and Bernstein, P.S. (2015). Changes in Macular Pigment Optical Density and Serum Lutein Concentration in Japanese Subjects Taking Two Different Lutein Supplements. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139257"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machida, N., Kosehira, M., and Kitaichi, N. (2020). Clinical Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lutein with High Bio-Accessibility on Macular Pigment Optical Density and Contrast Sensitivity: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Group Comparison Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102966"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830514Y.0000000138","article-title":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin Status and Auditory Thresholds in a Sample of Young Healthy Adults","volume":"20","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12077","article-title":"Nutritional Modulation of Cataract","volume":"72","author":"Weikel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group (2013). Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 309, 2005\u20132015.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.4997"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004260","article-title":"Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intake and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"107","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, E.J., Avendano, E.E., Mohn, E.S., and Raman, G. (2020). The Association between Macular Pigment Optical Density and Visual Function Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eye.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01124-2"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1021\/bi101906y","article-title":"Identification of StARD3 as a Lutein-Binding Protein in the Macula of the Primate Retina","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.49","article-title":"Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Are Biosynthesized from Their 18-Carbon Precursors in Human Infants","volume":"93","author":"Salem","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007732","article-title":"Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs","volume":"6","author":"Gabbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.063","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"58","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2005047","article-title":"Conversion of Alpha-Linolenic Acid to Longer-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Adults","volume":"45","author":"Burdge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2014.05.007","article-title":"\u03b2-Oxidation and Rapid Metabolism, but Not Uptake Regulate Brain Eicosapentaenoic Acid Levels","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghasemi Fard, S., Wang, F., Sinclair, A.J., Elliott, G., and Turchini, G.M. (2018). How Does High DHA Fish Oil Affect Health? A Systematic Review of Evidence. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201344.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1425978"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1483S","article-title":"Healthy Intakes of N\u22123 and N\u22126 Fatty Acids: Estimations Considering Worldwide Diversity","volume":"83","author":"Hibbeln","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Collison, M.W. (2017). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS: Fatty Acids in Edible Oils and Fats Official Method C3 1a-13, American Oil Chemists Society. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-017-4297-3","article-title":"Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003\u20132008","volume":"52","author":"Richter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020, October 26). 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Available online: https:\/\/health.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-01\/DGA2005.pdf."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.05.011","article-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for DHA and EPA","volume":"81","author":"Grieger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.101329","article-title":"Towards Establishing Dietary Reference Intakes for Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids","volume":"139","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.08.034","article-title":"Effect of Omega-3 Dosage on Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"96","author":"Bernasconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (2020, October 21). FoodData Central, Available online: https:\/\/ndb.nal.usda.gov\/fdc-app.html#\/?query=lutein."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy205","article-title":"Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Bioavailability: Implications for Understanding the Effects of Supplementation on Heart Disease Risk","volume":"148","author":"Maki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West, A.L., Kindberg, G.M., Hustvedt, S.O., and Calder, P.C. (2018). A Novel Self-Micro-Emulsifying Delivery System Enhances Enrichment of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid after Single and Repeated Dosing in Healthy Adults in a Randomized Trial. J. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy127"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002713","article-title":"Lipid Structure Does Not Modify Incorporation of EPA and DHA into Blood Lipids in Healthy Adults: A Randomised-Controlled Trial","volume":"116","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0109-z","article-title":"Similar Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Plasma Levels Achieved with Fish Oil or Krill Oil in a Randomized Double-Blind Four-Week Bioavailability Study","volume":"14","author":"Kralovec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1222","article-title":"Effects of Fish-Oil Supplementation on Myocardial Fatty Acids in Humans","volume":"85","author":"Metcalf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)31576-5","article-title":"Physiological Compartmental Analysis of \u03b1-Linolenic Acid Metabolism in Adult Humans","volume":"42","author":"Pawlosky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7827(91)90006-Q","article-title":"Essential Fatty Acids in Growth and Development","volume":"30","author":"Innis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Progr. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.855","article-title":"Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids and Brain Development","volume":"137","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102883","article-title":"Brain Delivery of Supplemental Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"59","author":"Arellanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1494S","article-title":"Potential Role of Dietary N-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Dementia and Macular Degeneration","volume":"83","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hames, K.C., Morgan-Bathke, M., Harteneck, D.A., Zhou, L., Port, J.D., Lanza, I.R., and Jensen, M.D. (2017). Very-Long-Chain \u03c9-3 Fatty Acid Supplements and Adipose Tissue Functions: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., ajcn148114.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.148114"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37132-7","article-title":"Kinetics of the Incorporation of Dietary Fatty Acids into Serum Cholesteryl Esters, Erythrocyte Membranes, and Adipose Tissue: An 18-Month Controlled Study","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.02.030","article-title":"The Omega-3 Index: A New Risk Factor for Death from Coronary Heart Disease?","volume":"39","author":"Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012918","article-title":"Blood Levels of Long-Chain n\u20133 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death","volume":"346","author":"Albert","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2015.11.002","article-title":"Translating Plasma and Whole Blood Fatty Acid Compositional Data into the Sum of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Erythrocytes","volume":"104","author":"Stark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517001052","article-title":"Conversion Ratios of N-3 Fatty Acids between Plasma and Erythrocytes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression","volume":"117","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy089","article-title":"Best Practices for the Design, Laboratory Analysis, and Reporting of Trials Involving Fatty Acids","volume":"108","author":"Brenna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000513","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000513","article-title":"Determinants of Erythrocyte Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content in Response to Fish Oil Supplementation: A Dose\u2013Response Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"2","author":"Flock","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demmelmair, H., MacDonald, A., Kotzaeridou, U., Burgard, P., Gonzalez-Lamuno, D., Verduci, E., Ersoy, M., Gokcay, G., Alyanak, B., and Reischl, E. (2018). Determinants of Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels and Their Relationship to Neurological and Cognitive Functions in PKU Patients: A Double Blind Randomized Supplementation Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121944"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.01.001","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"129","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurko-Mauro, K., Alexander, D.D., and Elswyk, M.E.V. (2015). Docosahexaenoic Acid and Adult Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120391"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-7-201304020-00003","article-title":"Plasma Phospholipid Long-Chain \u03c9-3 Fatty Acids and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality in Older Adults","volume":"158","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22370-2","article-title":"Blood N-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Total and Cause-Specific Mortality from 17 Prospective Studies","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Hu, F.B., and Manson, J.E. (2019). Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127,477 Participants. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 8.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013543"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.10.018","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Cohort Studies of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk","volume":"92","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.5205","article-title":"Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use with Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-Analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77,917 Individuals","volume":"3","author":"Aung","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, A.S., Brown, T.J., Brainard, J.S., Biswas, P., Thorpe, G.C., Moore, H.J., Deane, K.H., Summerbell, C.D., Worthington, H.V., and Song, F. (2020). Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003177.pub5"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1788","article-title":"Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids with Coronary Risk","volume":"160","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.2925","article-title":"\u03c9-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling Project of 19 Cohort Studies","volume":"176","author":"Imamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISSFAL Official Statement Number 6: The Importance of Measuring Blood Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Research","volume":"157","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2016.12.013","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mortality in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Memory Study","volume":"11","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.007","article-title":"The Omega-3 Index and Relative Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: Estimation from 10 Cohort Studies","volume":"262","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101043","article-title":"Blood Fatty Acids in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"60","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-018-0586-0","article-title":"Do Elevated Blood Levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Modify Effects of Particulate Air Pollutants on Fibrinogen?","volume":"11","author":"Croft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Air. Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e995","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010074","article-title":"Erythrocyte Omega-3 Index, Ambient Fine Particle Exposure, and Brain Aging","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000054147","article-title":"Determination of Phylloquinone and Menaquinones in Food","volume":"30","author":"Schurgers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathol. Haem. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00106.x","article-title":"Update on the Role of Vitamin K in Skeletal Health","volume":"66","author":"Shea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01874a507","article-title":"The Isolation of Vitamins K1 and K2","volume":"61","author":"McKee","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0300897","article-title":"The Occurrence and Chemical Nature of Vitamin K","volume":"30","author":"Dam","year":"1936","journal-title":"Bioch. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.7.5.8462786","article-title":"Synthesis of Vitamin K-dependent Proteins","volume":"7","author":"Suttie","year":"1993","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-960X(92)90011-E","article-title":"Vitamin K Metabolism and Nutriture","volume":"6","author":"Shearer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-08-040709","article-title":"Vitamin K\u2013Containing Dietary Supplements: Comparison of Synthetic Vitamin K1 and Natto-Derived Menaquinone-7","volume":"109","author":"Schurgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116387","article-title":"Serum Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin Is a Marker of the Risk of Hip Fracture in Elderly Women","volume":"91","author":"Szulc","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0498","article-title":"Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone-7) Prevents Age-Related Deterioration of Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture at the Tibia in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"175","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1276205","article-title":"Unique Coexpression in Osteoblasts of Broadly Expressed Genes Accounts for the Spatial Restriction of ECM Mineralization to Bone","volume":"19","author":"Murshed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Devel."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.12.1256","article-title":"Vitamin K and the Prevention of Fractures: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"166","author":"Cockayne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-035345","article-title":"Regression of Warfarin-Induced Medial Elastocalcinosis by High Intake of Vitamin K in Rats","volume":"109","author":"Schurgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.477","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin K and Therapeutic Warfarin Alter the Susceptibility to Vascular Calcification in Experimental Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"83","author":"McCabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Intern."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051630","article-title":"Menadione Is a Metabolite of Oral Vitamin K","volume":"95","author":"Thijssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035953","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035953","article-title":"Association of Dietary Vitamin K and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Age Adults: The Hordaland Health Study Cohort","volume":"10","author":"Haugsgjerd","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-08-0675","article-title":"Menaquinone-7 Supplementation Improves Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"113","author":"Knapen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-2084-4","article-title":"Vitamin K1 Supplementation Retards Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women between 50 and 60 Years of Age","volume":"73","author":"Braam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Calc. Tissue Internat."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2006.08.006","article-title":"Vitamin K2 Improves Bone Strength in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"1297","author":"Schurgers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Congr. Ser."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302244","article-title":"Warfarin Induces Cardiovascular Damage in Mice","volume":"33","author":"Oelenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.041","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin K2 Supplementation on Functional Vitamin K Deficiency in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Trial","volume":"59","author":"Westenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2989-6","article-title":"Does Vitamin K2 Play a Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis for Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.165","article-title":"Calcification in Atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.149","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcium Is a Better Risk Marker than HsCRP","volume":"8","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S4822","article-title":"Vascular Calcifications as a Marker of Increased Cardiovascular Risk: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Rennenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509382100","article-title":"The Effect of Menaquinone-7 (Vitamin K2) Supplementation on Osteocalcin Carboxylation in Healthy Prepubertal Children","volume":"102","author":"Braam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.146","article-title":"Vitamin K-Induced Effects on Body Fat and Weight: Results from a 3-Year Vitamin K2 Intervention Study","volume":"72","author":"Knapen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"938","article-title":"Vitamin K Status, Supplementation and Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"105","author":"Lees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318808066","article-title":"Vitamin K Status and Cardiovascular Events or Mortality: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","article-title":"Magnesium in Man: Implications for Health and Disease","volume":"95","author":"Hoenderp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2741\/1223","article-title":"Role of Cellular Magnesium in Health and Human Disease","volume":"9","author":"Laires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.9.2879","article-title":"Dietary Magnesium Intake in a National Sample of U.S. Adults","volume":"133","author":"Ford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, A., Jun, S., Bhadra, A., Dodd, K., Dwyer, J., Eicher-Miller, H., Gahche, J., Potischman, N., Tooze, J., and Bailey, R. (2019). Dietary Supplements Contributed Substantially to Total Intakes and Nutritional Adequacy of Several Micronutrients among U.S. Adults, NHANES 2011\u20132014 (OR14-07-19). Curr. Dev. Nutr., 3.","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz039.OR14-07-19"},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2015.0098","article-title":"Comparison of Inadequate Nutrient Intakes in Non-Hispanic Blacks vs. Non-Hispanic Whites: An Analysis of NHANES 2007\u20132010 in U.S. Children and Adults","volume":"26","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020000257","article-title":"Older Adults with Obesity Have Higher Risks of Some Micronutrient Inadequacies and Lower Overall Dietary Quality Compared to Peers with a Healthy Weight, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2011\u20132014","volume":"23","author":"Jun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Zhu, X., Fulda, K.G., Chen, S., and Tao, M.-H. (2019). Comparison of Dietary Micronutrient Intakes by Body Weight Status among Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic Black Women Aged 19\u201339 Years: An Analysis of NHANES 2003\u20132014. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122846"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuchardt, J.P., and Hahn, A. (2017). Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium- An Update. Curr. Nutr. Food Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401313666170427162740"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1573-x","article-title":"The Problematic Use of Dietary Reference Intakes to Assess Magnesium Status and Clinical Importance","volume":"188","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2019.08.003","article-title":"Low Dietary Magnesium Intake Alters Vitamin D\u2014Parathyroid Hormone Relationship in Adults Who Are Overweight or Obese","volume":"69","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000538","article-title":"Magnesium Supplementation in Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Reddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Therapeut."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.843","article-title":"Magnesium Requirements: New Estimations for Men and Women by Cross-Sectional Statistical Analyses of Metabolic Magnesium Balance Data","volume":"84","author":"Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa140","article-title":"Perspective: US Adult Magnesium Requirements Need Updating: Impacts of Rising Body Weights and Data-Derived Variance","volume":"12","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","unstructured":"Williamson, M.A., Snyder, L.M., and Wallach, J.B. (2011). Wallach\u2019s Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests, Wolters Kluwer; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1986.10720143","article-title":"Serum Magnesium Levels in the United States, 1971\u20131974","volume":"5","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012765","article-title":"Perspective: The Case for an Evidence-Based Reference Interval for Serum Magnesium: The Time Has Come","volume":"7","author":"Costello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"1","article-title":"Magnesium and Human Health: Perspectives and Research Directions","volume":"2018","author":"Majoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costello, R.B., and Nielsen, F. (2018). Interpreting Magnesium Status to Enhance Clinical Care\u2014Key Indicators. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 504\u2013511.","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000410"},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2010). Evaluation of Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints in Chronic Disease, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.08.021","article-title":"Serum Magnesium Concentrations and All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality among U.S. Adults: Results from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertinato, J., Wang, K., and Hayward, S. (2017). Serum Magnesium Concentrations in the Canadian Population and Associations with Diabetes, Glycemic Regulation, and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030296"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/117.9.1638","article-title":"Number of Days of Food Intake Records Required to Estimate Individual and Group Nutrient Intakes with Defined Confidence","volume":"117","author":"Basiotis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-016-0182-6","article-title":"What Are They Really Eating? A Review on New Approaches to Dietary Intake Assessment and Validation","volume":"5","author":"Rollo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1685332","article-title":"Toward the Definition of Personalized Nutrition: A Proposal by the American Nutrition Association","volume":"39","author":"Bush","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.12.001","article-title":"Precision Nutrition\u2014Review of Methods for Point-of-Care Assessment of Nutritional Status","volume":"44","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1844\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:34Z","timestamp":1760162974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"references-count":195,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13061844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]}}}