{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:42Z","timestamp":1787029242123,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (RGJ-Ph.D. Program)","award":["PHD\/0124\/2558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/0124\/2558"]}]},{"name":"The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (RGJ-Ph.D. Program) co-funding with Khon Kaen University","award":["2559\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2559\/4"]}]},{"name":"The Invitation research fund, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University","award":["I56205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I56205"]}]},{"name":"The Chronic Kidney Disease Northeast Thailand (CKDNET) research group","award":["CKDNET 2562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKDNET 2562"]}]},{"name":"MRC New Investigator Grant","award":["MR\/P002536\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P002536\/1"]}]},{"name":"ERC Starting Grant","award":["715662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["715662"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The short- and long-term consumption of monosodium glutamate (MSG) increases urinary pH but the effects on the metabolic pathways in the liver, kidney and the gut microbiota remain unknown. To address this issue, we investigated adult male Wistar rats allocated to receive drinking water with or without 1 g% MSG for 2 weeks (n = 10, each). We performed a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomic study of the jejunum, liver, and kidneys, while faecal samples were collected for bacterial DNA extraction to investigate the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We observed significant changes in the liver of MSG-treated rats compared to controls in the levels of glucose, pyridoxine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, kynurenate, and nicotinamide. Among kidney metabolites, the level of trimethylamine (TMA) was increased, and pyridoxine was decreased after MSG-treatment. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that MSG-treated rats had increased Firmicutes, the gut bacteria associated with TMA metabolism, along with decreased Bifidobacterium species. Our data support the impact of MSG consumption on liver and kidney metabolism. Based on the gut microbiome changes, we speculate that TMA and its metabolites such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) may be mediators of the effects of MSG on the kidney health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T01:51:37Z","timestamp":1622425897000},"page":"1865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Monosodium Glutamate Induces Changes in Hepatic and Renal Metabolic Profiles and Gut Microbiome of Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0458-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanokwan","family":"Nahok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4727-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutarop","family":"Phetcharaburanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia V.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestive Disease and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atit","family":"Silsirivanit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raynoo","family":"Thanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyanard","family":"Boonnate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarus","family":"Joonhuathon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Laboratory Animal Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2860-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amod","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirirat","family":"Anutrakulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biosciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9909-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubon","family":"Cha\u2019on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"},{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602526","article-title":"Consensus meeting: Monosodium glutamate\u2014an update","volume":"61","author":"Beyreuther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. 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