{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:13:41Z","timestamp":1787901221911,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["408534\/2016-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408534\/2016-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-protein diets (HPDs) are widely accepted as a way to stimulate muscle protein synthesis when combined with resistance training (RT). However, the effects of HPDs on adipose tissue plasticity and local inflammation are yet to be determined. This study investigated the impact of HPDs on glucose control, adipocyte size, and epididymal adipose inflammatory biomarkers in resistance-trained rats. Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normal-protein (NPD; 17% protein total dietary intake) and HPD (26.1% protein) without RT and NPD and HPD with RT. Trained groups received RT for 12 weeks with weights secured to their tails. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests, adipocyte size, and an array of cytokines were determined. While HPD without RT induced glucose intolerance, enlarged adipocytes, and increased TNF-\u03b1, MCP-1, and IL1-\u03b2 levels in epididymal adipose tissue (p &lt; 0.05), RT diminished these deleterious effects, with the HPD + RT group displaying improved blood glucose control without inflammatory cytokine increases in epididymal adipose tissue (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, RT increased glutathione expression independent of diet (p &lt; 0.05). RT may offer protection against adipocyte hypertrophy, pro-inflammatory states, and glucose intolerance during HPDs. The results highlight the potential protective effects of RT to mitigate the maladaptive effects of HPDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T21:16:58Z","timestamp":1623187018000},"page":"1969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Effects of High-Protein Diet and Resistance Training on Glucose Control and Inflammatory Profile of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9375-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Stela","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento na Regi\u00e3o Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1479-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivo Vieira","family":"de Sousa Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Moleculares, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias em Sa\u00fade, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 72220-275, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keemilyn Karla Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Exercise and Nutrition in Health and Sports Performance\u2014PENSARE, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5828-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula Castro","family":"Cantu\u00e1ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de An\u00e1lises Prote\u00f4micas e Bioqu\u00edmicas, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Gen\u00f4micas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4148-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taia Maria Berto","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de An\u00e1lises Prote\u00f4micas e Bioqu\u00edmicas, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Gen\u00f4micas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oct\u00e1vio Luiz","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de An\u00e1lises Prote\u00f4micas e Bioqu\u00edmicas, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Gen\u00f4micas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 70790-160, Brazil"},{"name":"S-Inova Biotech, Porgrama de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"de Cassia Marqueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de An\u00e1lises Moleculares, Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologias em Sa\u00fade, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal 72220-275, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9550-6095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Ceotto","family":"Freitas-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo Carvalho","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04039-032, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azize","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3409-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeeser","family":"Alves Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade e Desenvolvimento na Regi\u00e3o Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Research in Exercise and Nutrition in Health and Sports Performance\u2014PENSARE, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-11-53","article-title":"A high-protein diet for reducing body fat: Mechanisms and possible caveats","volume":"11","author":"Pesta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0396","article-title":"Does high dietary protein intake contribute to the increased risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes?","volume":"46","author":"Ancu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519000345","article-title":"Effect of an individualised high-protein, energy-restricted diet on anthropometric and cardio-metabolic parameters in overweight and obese Malaysian adults: A 6-month randomised controlled study","volume":"121","author":"Mitra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0100-0","article-title":"A high protein diet (3.4 g\/kg\/d) combined with a heavy resistance training program improves body composition in healthy trained men and women\u2014A follow-up investigation","volume":"12","author":"Antonio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0143","article-title":"Association between whey protein, regional fat mass, and strength in resistance-trained men: A cross-sectional study","volume":"44","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.37","article-title":"Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Santesso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.10.005","article-title":"Comparison of high-protein diets and leucine supplementation in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and related disorders in mice","volume":"23","author":"Freudenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E886","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00363.2015","article-title":"Effect of a long-term high-protein diet on survival, obesity development, and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"310","author":"Kiilerich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1391-5","article-title":"Effect of administration of high-protein diet in rats submitted to resistance training","volume":"57","author":"Avila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogueira, M.E., Sousa Neto, I.V., Motta-Santos, D., Cantuaria, A.P.C., Lima, S.M.F., Rezende, T.M.B., Santana, H.A.P., Petriz, B.A., Marqueti, R.C., and Almeida, J.A. (2020). High-protein diet associated with resistance training reduces cardiac TNF-alpha levels and up-regulates MMP-2 activity in rats. Arch. Physiol. Biochem.","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2020.1787456"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-64","article-title":"Distinct effects of calorie restriction on adipose tissue cytokine and angiogenesis profiles in obese and lean mice","volume":"9","author":"Kurki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000602","article-title":"The role of dietary fat in adipose tissue metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Churruca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.06.016","article-title":"Exercise and the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism","volume":"135","author":"Tsiloulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12069","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48587-2","article-title":"An anti-inflammatory phenotype in visceral adipose tissue of old lean mice, augmented by exercise","volume":"9","author":"Ziegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1192044","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity","volume":"117","author":"Bluher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599576","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.599576","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Metabolic Function and Dysfunction: Impact of Burn Injury","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63260-5_1","article-title":"Function and Dysfunction of Adipose Tissue","volume":"19","author":"Matafome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.03.012","article-title":"Dietary calories and lipids synergistically shape adipose tissue cellularity during postnatal growth","volume":"24","author":"Meln","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00270","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Adaptations to Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965364","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1965364","article-title":"Tissue-Specific Oxidative Stress Modulation by Exercise: A Comparison between MICT and HIIT in an Obese Rat Model","volume":"2019","author":"Groussard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9410954","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9410954","article-title":"Exercise Training Attenuates the Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines and Oxidative Stress in White Adipose Tissue","volume":"2017","author":"Sakurai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.00988.x","article-title":"Resistance training, visceral obesity and inflammatory response: A review of the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Strasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.10.021","article-title":"Resistance exercise modulates lipid plasma profile and cytokine content in the adipose tissue of tumour-bearing rats","volume":"61","author":"Donatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet","volume":"123","author":"Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2019.0072","article-title":"High-Protein Diet Associated with Bocaiuva Supplementation Decreases Body Fat and Improves Glucose Tolerance in Resistance-Trained Rats","volume":"23","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123192","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training Volume on MMPs in Circulation, Muscle and Adipose Tissue","volume":"38","author":"Tibana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00380","article-title":"Paternal Resistance Training Modulates Calcaneal Tendon Proteome in the Offspring Exposed to High-Fat Diet","volume":"8","author":"Tibana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00190","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training on Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Skeletal Muscles and Blood Circulation During Aging","volume":"9","author":"Durigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-2-374","article-title":"Estimates of in vivo insulin action in man: Comparison of insulin tolerance tests with euglycemic and hyperglycemic glucose clamp studies","volume":"68","author":"Bonora","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000660","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Insulin Action and IL-6 Signaling after Exercise in Obese Mice","volume":"47","author":"Macpherson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.08.007","article-title":"Tributyltin chloride induces renal dysfunction by inflammation and oxidative stress in female rats","volume":"260","author":"Coutinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.024","article-title":"Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Newgard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.123","article-title":"High dietary protein intake, reducing or eliciting insulin resistance?","volume":"68","author":"Rietman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., Parrillo, L., Formisano, P., Raciti, G.A., Beguinot, F., and Miele, C. (2019). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction as Determinant of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092358"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02019","article-title":"High-Intensity Exercise Decreases IP6K1 Muscle Content and Improves Insulin Sensitivity (SI2*) in Glucose-Intolerant Individuals","volume":"103","author":"Naufahu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135038","article-title":"Enhanced amino acid sensitivity of myofibrillar protein synthesis persists for up to 24 h after resistance exercise in young men","volume":"141","author":"Burd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0174-y","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: Diets and body composition","volume":"14","author":"Aragon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morato, P.N., Lollo, P.C., Moura, C.S., Batista, T.M., Camargo, R.L., Carneiro, E.M., and Amaya-Farfan, J. (2013). Whey protein hydrolysate increases translocation of GLUT-4 to the plasma membrane independent of insulin in wistar rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071134"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09343-6","article-title":"Resistance training regulates gene expression of molecules associated with intramyocellular lipids, glucose signaling and fiber size in old rats","volume":"7","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868652","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2868652","article-title":"Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Glucose Uptake","volume":"2016","author":"Rohling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201X.2002.00998.x","article-title":"Resistance training increases glucose uptake and transport in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"175","author":"Yaspelkis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achari, A.E., and Jain, S.K. (2017). Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00159.x","article-title":"Adiponectin: Action, regulation and association to insulin sensitivity","volume":"6","author":"Lihn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20209","article-title":"Subcutaneous adipose cell size and distribution: Relationship to insulin resistance and body fat","volume":"22","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-49","article-title":"Resistant starch and exercise independently attenuate weight regain on a high fat diet in a rat model of obesity","volume":"8","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01571","article-title":"Different Statistical Approaches to Characterization of Adipocyte Size in Offspring of Obese Rats: Effects of Maternal or Offspring Exercise Intervention","volume":"9","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1055","article-title":"Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion","volume":"92","author":"Skurk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R284","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00257.2017","article-title":"Adipose cell size: Importance in health and disease","volume":"315","author":"Stenkula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-9-109","article-title":"Inflammation and adipose tissue: Effects of progressive load training in rats","volume":"9","author":"Lira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920004117","article-title":"Regulation of adipose tissue inflammation by interleukin 6","volume":"117","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.06.018","article-title":"Redox implications in adipose tissue (dys)function--A new look at old acquaintances","volume":"6","author":"Jankovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21625","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Furukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.07.006","article-title":"Depot-specific modulation of adipokine levels in rat adipose tissue by diet-induced obesity: The effect of aerobic training and energy restriction","volume":"52","author":"Yamashita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:05Z","timestamp":1760163125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13061969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]}}}