{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:28:44Z","timestamp":1787740124189,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014913","name":"Freistaat Sachsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["713-241202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713-241202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression and vitamin D deficiency are major public health problems. The existing literature indicates the complex relationship between depression and vitamin D. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this relationship is moderated or mediated by inflammation. A community sample (n = 7162) from the LIFE-Adult-Study was investigated, for whom depressive symptoms were assessed via the German version of CES-D scale and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and inflammatory markers (IL-6 and CRP levels, WBC count) were quantified. Mediation analyses were performed using Hayes\u2019 PROCESS macro and regression analyses were conducted to test moderation effects. There was a significant negative correlation between CES-D and 25(OH)D, and positive associations between inflammatory markers and CES-D scores. Only WBC partially mediated the association between 25(OH)D levels and depressive symptoms both in a simple mediation model (ab: \u22120.0042) and a model including covariates (ab: \u22120.0011). None of the inflammatory markers showed a moderation effect on the association between 25(OH)D levels and depressive symptoms. This present work highlighted the complex relationship between vitamin D, depressive symptoms and inflammation. Future studies are needed to examine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation and depressive symptomatology for causality assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T21:16:58Z","timestamp":1623187018000},"page":"1972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Inflammation and the Association of Vitamin D and Depressive Symptomatology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ezgi","family":"Dogan-Sander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Mergl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Willenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"LIFE\u2014Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Baber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"LIFE\u2014Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Wirkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIFE\u2014Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffi G.","family":"Riedel-Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"R\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8316-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank M.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Schomerus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"LIFE\u2014Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analy-sis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.271","article-title":"Preventing Depression: A global priority","volume":"307","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.106666","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Anglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041501","article-title":"Vitamin D and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Studies with and without Biological Flaws","volume":"6","author":"Spedding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"74","article-title":"Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"65","author":"Menon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000044","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Depressive Symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3450","article-title":"Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006","article-title":"Distribution of the Vitamin D receptor and 1\u03b1-hydroxylase in human brain","volume":"29","author":"Eyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(01)00547-1","article-title":"New clues about vitamin D functions in the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Garcion","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199412300-00032","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates NT-3, NT-4 but not BDNF mRNA in astrocytes","volume":"6","author":"Neveu","year":"1994","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.07.013","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in major depression: Evidence of impaired neuroprotection","volume":"98","author":"Myint","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268342","article-title":"Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: Relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior","volume":"29","author":"Patrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e983401","DOI":"10.4161\/19381980.2014.983401","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Cannell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermato-Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0716","article-title":"Unexpected actions of vitamin D: New perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bendix, M., Dige, A., J\u00f8rgensen, S., Dahlerup, J., Bibby, B., Deleuran, B., and Agnholt, J. (2021). Seven Weeks of High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment Reduces the Need for Infliximab Dose-Escalation and Decreases Inflammatory Markers in Crohn\u2019s Disease during One-Year Follow-Up. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041083"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6062206","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Level of Circulating High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b","article-title":"Associations of Depression with C-Reactive Protein, IL-1, and IL-6: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Howren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berk, M., Williams, L.J., Jacka, F.N., O\u2019Neil, A., Pasco, J.A., Moylan, S., Allen, N.B., Stuart, A.L., Hayley, A.C., and Byrne, M.L. (2013). So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?. BMC Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.02.052","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, but not CRP, are inversely correlated with severity and symptoms of major depression","volume":"239","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4195","article-title":"Peripheral Alterations in Cytokine and Chemokine Levels After Antidepressant Drug Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4250","article-title":"The longitudinal associations between C-reactive protein and depressive symptoms: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)","volume":"30","author":"Au","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.12.005","article-title":"The association between C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6 and depression among older adults in the community: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.08.016","article-title":"Suicidal patients are deficient in vitamin D, associated with a pro-inflammatory status in the blood","volume":"50","author":"Grudet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-015-0585-1","article-title":"Lower prenatal vitamin D status and postpartum depressive symptomatology in African American women: Preliminary evidence for moderation by inflammatory cytokines","volume":"19","author":"Accortt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.10.001","article-title":"The associations among vitamin D deficiency, C-reactive protein, and depressive symptoms","volume":"90","author":"Shin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.168","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammation in major depressive disorder","volume":"267","author":"Grudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109651","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on mental health, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"94","author":"Jamilian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hautzinger, M., Bailer, M., Hofmeister, D., and Keller, F. (2012). Allgemeine Depressionsskala (ADS). Manual, Hogrefe. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1983-z","article-title":"The LIFE-Adult-Study: Objectives and design of a population-based cohort study with 10,000 deeply phenotyped adults in Germany","volume":"15","author":"Loeffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.031831","article-title":"Candidate Reference Method for the Quantification of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 by Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"50","author":"Vogeser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.511S","article-title":"Development of a standard reference material for vitamin D in serum","volume":"88","author":"Phinney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, May 29). Leipzig, Sachsen, Deutschland\u2014Sonnenaufgang und Sonnenuntergang August 2011. Available online: https:\/\/www.timeanddate.de\/sonne\/deutschland\/leipzig?monat=8&year=2011."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1663-4","article-title":"Messung des sozio\u00f6konomischen Status in der Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland (DEGS1) (Measurement of socioeconomic status in the German Health Interview and Examina-tion Survey for Adults (DEGS1))","volume":"56","author":"Lampert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundh. Gesundh."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1583-3","article-title":"Messung des sozio\u00f6konomischen Status in der Studie \u201cGesundheit in Deutschland aktuell\u201c (GEDA) (Measurement of the socioeconomic status within the German Health Update 2009 (GEDA))","volume":"56","author":"Lampert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundh. Gesundh."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hayes, A.F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14111","article-title":"Depression as a mediator of quality of life in patients with neuropathic pain: A cross-sectional study","volume":"75","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Associations Between Vitamin D Levels and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)","volume":"73","author":"Hirani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Boil. Sci. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"21","article-title":"Associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with markers of inflammation, insulin resistance and obesity in black and white community-dwelling adults","volume":"5","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3507","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Inflammation in Older Irish Adults","volume":"99","author":"Laird","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9694-4","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D and inflammatory markers in older individuals","volume":"36","author":"Lauretani","year":"2014","journal-title":"AGE"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6010221","article-title":"Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Inflammatory Cytokines in Healthy Adults","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19708-0","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansar, W., and Ghosh, S. (2016). Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Markers, and Mediators: Role of CRP in Some Inflammatory Diseases. Biology of C Reactive Protein in Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2680-2_4"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2016.37","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammatory markers: Cross-sectional analyses using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)","volume":"6","author":"Biddulph","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03224.x","article-title":"C-reactive protein is expressed and secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"146","author":"Haider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000403200602","article-title":"The Effects of Calcitriol Therapy on Serum Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Concentrations in Post-menopausal Patients with Osteoporosis","volume":"32","author":"Inanir","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0630-1303","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"50","author":"Mansournia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.05.014","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Duration, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Experimental Sleep Deprivation","volume":"80","author":"Irwin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1972\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:12:09Z","timestamp":1760163129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/1972"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13061972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13061972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]}}}