{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:58:44Z","timestamp":1776790724447,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0058130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0058130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Immunodiagnostic Systems Limited, Boldon, UK","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has recently been hypothesized that vitamin K could play a role in COVID-19. We aimed to test the hypotheses that low vitamin K status is a common characteristic of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 compared to population controls and that low vitamin K status predicts mortality in COVID-19 patients. In a cohort of 138 COVID-19 patients and 138 population controls, we measured plasma dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla Protein (dp-ucMGP), which reflects the functional vitamin K status in peripheral tissue. Forty-three patients died within 90 days from admission. In patients, levels of dp-ucMGP differed significantly between survivors (mean 877; 95% CI: 778; 995) and non-survivors (mean 1445; 95% CI: 1148; 1820). Furthermore, levels of dp-ucMGP (pmol\/L) were considerably higher in patients (mean 1022; 95% CI: 912; 1151) compared to controls (mean 509; 95% CI: 485; 540). Cox regression survival analysis showed that increasing levels of dp-ucMGP (reflecting low vitamin K status) were associated with higher mortality risk (sex- and age-adjusted hazard ratio per doubling of dp-ucMGP was 1.49, 95% CI: 1.03; 2.24). The association attenuated and became statistically insignificant after adjustment for co-morbidities (sex, age, CVD, diabetes, BMI, and eGFR adjusted hazard ratio per doubling of dp-ucMGP was 1.22, 95% CI: 0.82; 1.80). In conclusion, we found that low vitamin K status was associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 in sex- and age-adjusted analyses, but not in analyses additionally adjusted for co-morbidities. Randomized clinical trials would be needed to clarify a potential role, if any, of vitamin K in the course of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"1985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The Association of Low Vitamin K Status with Mortality in a Cohort of 138 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0994-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan","family":"Linneberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freja Bach","family":"Kampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Bastrup","family":"Israelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Amager and Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liv Rab\u00f8l","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Amager and Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik L\u00f8vendahl","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Amager and Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kon","family":"Sandholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Amager and Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niklas Rye","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4541-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne Marie","family":"Thysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, DK-2000 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Benfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Center of Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Amager and Hvidovre, DK-2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-020-00322-4","article-title":"Role of Vitamins in Skin Health: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Dattola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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