{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:06:49Z","timestamp":1791875209699,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies indicate that zinc and the new zinc-related adipokine, zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein (ZAG), are involved in lipid metabolism. Excess body fat lowers blood concentrations of Zn and ZAG, leading not only to the development of obesity but also to other components of the metabolic syndrome. Zinc homeostasis disorders in the body negatively affect the lipid profile and cytokine secretion. Zinc appears to be a very important ZAG homeostasis regulator. The physiological effects of ZAG are related to lipid metabolism, but studies show that ZAG also affects glucose metabolism and is linked to insulin resistance. ZAG has a zinc binding site in its structure, which may indicate that ZAG mediates the effect of zinc on lipid metabolism. The review aimed to verify the available studies on the effects of zinc and ZAG on lipid metabolism. A literature review within the scope of this research area was conducted using articles available in PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. An analysis of available studies has shown that zinc improves hepatic lipid metabolism and has an impact on the lipid profile. Numerous studies have found that zinc supplementation in overweight individuals significantly reduced blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)cholesterol and triglycerides, potentially reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Some results also indicate that it increases HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. ZAG has been shown to play a significant role in reducing obesity and improving insulin sensitivity, both in experimental animal model studies and in human studies. Furthermore, ZAG at physiologically relevant concentrations increases the release of adiponectin from human adipocytes. In addition, ZAG has been shown to inhibit in vitro leptin production. Further studies are needed to provide more data on the role of zinc and zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1623415477000},"page":"2023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Zinc and the Innovative Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein Adipokine Play an Important Role in Lipid Metabolism: A Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michalina","family":"Banaszak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9652-0785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"G\u00f3rna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliusz","family":"Przys\u0142awski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1437S","article-title":"Function and mechanism of zinc metalloenzymes","volume":"130","author":"McCall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-017-0521-4","article-title":"Physiological roles of zinc transporters: Molecular and genetic importance in zinc homeostasis","volume":"67","author":"Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-017-0571-7","article-title":"Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid, and glucose metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Olechnowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Jiang, D., Zhu, Y., Fang, Z., Che, L., Lin, Y., Xu, S., Li, J., Huang, C., and Zou, Y. (2017). Chronic high dose zinc supplementation induces visceral adipose tissue hypertrophy without altering body weight in mice. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101138"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"780","article-title":"The obesity epidemic: Challenges, health initiatives, and implications for gastroenterologists","volume":"6","author":"Hurt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.138115","article-title":"Dietary Micronutrient intakes are associated with markers of inflammation but not with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"141","author":"Otto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, J.-A., Song, S.-W., Han, K., Lee, K.-J., and Kim, H.-N. (2014). The associations between serum zinc levels and metabolic syndrome in the korean population: Findings from the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105990"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615570376","article-title":"Zinc: Physiology, deficiency, and parenteral nutrition","volume":"30","author":"Livingstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00373-0","article-title":"Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats","volume":"167","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.114171","article-title":"Micronutrient intake and the presence of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Mouhebati","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"57","article-title":"Influencia del cortisol sobre el metabolismo del zinc en mujeres obesas m\u00f3rbidas","volume":"29","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01702-w","article-title":"Role of zinc in zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein metabolism in obesity: A review of literature","volume":"193","author":"Severo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.10.026","article-title":"Strong and weak zinc binding sites in human zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein","volume":"587","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150836","article-title":"Zinc-induced oligomerization of zinc \u03b12 glycoprotein reveals multiple fatty acid-binding sites","volume":"473","author":"Zahid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-018-00332-x","article-title":"Expression and Function of Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64243-7","article-title":"Preparation and properties of Zn-\u03b12-glycoprotein of normal human plasma","volume":"236","author":"Schmid","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.8.2175","article-title":"Identification of epistatic interaction involved in obesity using the KK\/Ta mouse as a type 2 diabetes model: Is Zn- 2 Glycoprotein-1 a candidate gene for obesity?","volume":"52","author":"Gohda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.01.010","article-title":"Effects of Azgp1\u2212\/\u2212 on mammary gland, adipose tissue and liver gene expression and milk lipid composition in lactating mice","volume":"692","author":"Faulconnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0299","article-title":"Downregulation of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein in adipose tissue and liver of obese ob\/ob mice and by tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 in adipocytes","volume":"204","author":"Mracek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1177\/39.9.1918940","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of Zn-alpha 2-glycoprotein in normal human tissues","volume":"39","author":"Tada","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35008","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100301200","article-title":"Hydrophobic ligand binding by Zn-\u03b12-glycoprotein, a soluble fat-depleting factor related to major histocompatibility complex proteins","volume":"276","author":"Kennedy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2004.04.009","article-title":"Crystallographic studies of ligand binding by Zn-\u03b12-glycoprotein","volume":"148","author":"Delker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5409.1914","article-title":"Crystal structure of human ZAG, a fat-depleting factor related to MHC molecules","volume":"283","author":"Chirino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.11.042","article-title":"Zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein, a lipid mobilizing factor, is expressed and secreted by human (SGBS) adipocytes","volume":"579","author":"Bao","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03168235","article-title":"ZAG, a lipid mobilizing adipokine, is downregulated in human obesity","volume":"64","author":"Marrades","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0402","article-title":"Contrasts between the effects of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein, a putative \u03b23\/2-adrenoceptor agonist and the \u03b23\/2-adrenoceptor agonist BRL35135 in C57Bl\/6 (ob\/ob) mice","volume":"216","author":"Wargent","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20764","article-title":"Subcutaneous adipose tissue zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein is associated with adipose tissue and whole-body insulin sensitivity","volume":"22","author":"Balaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"271","article-title":"Gene expression of zinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein in normal human epidermal and buccal epithelia","volume":"11","author":"Brysk","year":"1997","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"846","article-title":"Zinc alpha-2-glycoprotein is expressed by malignant prostatic epithelium and may serve as a potential serum marker for prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Hale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(93)90068-Q","article-title":"Zn-\u03b12-glycoprotein levels in breast cancer cytosols and correlation with clinical, histological and biochemical parameters","volume":"29","author":"Allende","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835f816c","article-title":"Zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein as a marker of fat catabolism in humans","volume":"16","author":"Cabassi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0b013e328331c897","article-title":"Zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein in cachexia and obesity","volume":"3","author":"Tisdale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02441.x","article-title":"Adipose zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein is a catabolic marker in cancer and noncancerous states","volume":"271","author":"Agustsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701465RR","article-title":"The tumor secretory factor ZAG promotes white adipose tissue browning and energy wasting","volume":"32","author":"Elattar","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.039","article-title":"Zinc alpha2 glycoprotein promotes browning in adipocytes","volume":"496","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.03.021","article-title":"Effect of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein (ZAG) on expression of uncoupling proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue","volume":"212","author":"Sanders","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.193","article-title":"Studies on the anti-obesity activity of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein in the rat","volume":"35","author":"Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2007.11.010","article-title":"Determination of serum zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein in patients with metabolic syndrome by a new ELISA","volume":"41","author":"Stejskal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03658.x","article-title":"The adipokine zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein (ZAG) is downregulated with fat mass expansion in obesity","volume":"72","author":"Mracek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1859","article-title":"Appetite and energy balance signals from adipocytes","volume":"361","author":"Trayhurn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2001110","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue","volume":"60","author":"Coppack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/139239","article-title":"Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: Cells, cytokines, and chemokines","volume":"2013","author":"Makki","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1132-6","article-title":"Overexpression of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein suppressed seizures and seizure-related neuroflammation in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.02.003","article-title":"Adipokines in obesity","volume":"419","author":"Mafra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21386","article-title":"The secretory function of adipocytes in the physiology of white adipose tissue","volume":"216","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308647100","article-title":"Zinc- 2-glycoprotein, a lipid mobilizing factor, is expressed in adipocytes and is up-regulated in mice with cancer cachexia","volume":"101","author":"Bing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS200194","article-title":"Physiological role of adipose tissue: White adipose tissue as an endocrine and secretory organ","volume":"60","author":"Trayhurn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.17306\/J.AFS.2016.1.10","article-title":"Decreased adipose tissue zinc content is associated with metabolic parameters in high fat fed Wistar rats","volume":"15","author":"Tinkov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-013-0283-6","article-title":"High-fat diet induced an oxidative stress in white adipose tissue and disturbed plasma transition metals in rat: Prevention by grape seed and skin extract","volume":"63","author":"Charradi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9702-z","article-title":"Effects of high zinc levels on the lipid synthesis in rat hepatocytes","volume":"154","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0367-7","article-title":"Zinc regulates lipid metabolism and MMPs expression in lipid disturbance rabbits","volume":"168","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:112:2:109","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels and insulin resistance of obese women","volume":"112","author":"Marreiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"339","article-title":"Serum trace elements in obese women with or without diabetes","volume":"137","author":"Yerlikaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2011.09.015","article-title":"Micronutrient status in morbidly obese women before bariatric surgery","volume":"9","author":"Pacheco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2396","article-title":"The evaluation of selected serum mineral concentrations and their association with insulin resistance in obese adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Suliburska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukunaka, A., and Fujitani, Y. (2018). Role of zinc homeostasis in the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020476"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2017.22.1.1","article-title":"Zinc in pancreatic islet biology, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Maret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9880-8","article-title":"Thyroid functions and trace elements in pediatric patients with exogenous obesity","volume":"157","author":"Cayir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03748.x","article-title":"Serum zinc, copper, and magnesium levels in obese children","volume":"39","author":"Yakinci","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2010.05.001","article-title":"Short-term weight loss in overweight\/obese low-income women improves plasma zinc and metabolic syndrome risk factors","volume":"24","author":"Voruganti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-015-0023-4","article-title":"Effects of Zinc supplementation on serum lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile, and renal functions in patients with type II diabetes: A single blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, trial","volume":"2","author":"Mohy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Agric. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effects of zinc supplementation on the anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose in the healthy obese adults","volume":"3","author":"Payahoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2010.0020","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on markers of insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation among prepubescent children with metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1114","article-title":"Zinc signals and immune function","volume":"40","author":"Haase","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S., Kim, M.K., and Choi, B.Y. (2015). The relationship between zinc status and inflammatory marker levels in rural Korean adults aged 40 and older. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130016"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28836","article-title":"Zinc decreases C-reactive protein, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory cytokines in elderly subjects: A potential implication of zinc as an atheroprotective agent","volume":"91","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118910","article-title":"Effects of Zinc Alpha2 Glycoprotein on lipid metabolism of liver in high-fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"49","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M082180","article-title":"ZAG alleviates HFD-induced insulin resistance accompanied with decreased lipid depot in skeletal muscle in mice","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.150","article-title":"Studies on the antiobesity effect of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein in the ob\/ob mouse","volume":"35","author":"Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0827","article-title":"Antidiabetic Properties of Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein in ob\/ob Mice","volume":"151","author":"Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600493","article-title":"Effect of a tumour-derived lipid-mobilising factor on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo","volume":"87","author":"Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.12.047","article-title":"Lipolysis is altered in MHC class I zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein deficient mice","volume":"581","author":"Rolli","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00062","article-title":"Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein is associated with obesity in chinese people and HFD-induced obese mice","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.141","article-title":"Zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein is involved in regulation of body weight through inhibition of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue","volume":"33","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5062","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0764","article-title":"Circulating and adipose tissue gene expression of Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein in obesity: Its relationship with adipokine and lipolytic gene markers in subcutaneous and visceral fat","volume":"94","author":"Caubet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00e4f, S., Escote, X., Ya\u00f1ez, R.E., Ballesteros, M., Sim\u00f3n, I., Gil, P., Meg\u00eda, A., and Vendrell, J. (2012). Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein is unrelated to gestational diabetes: Anthropometric and metabolic determinants in pregnant women and their offspring. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047601"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.02.012","article-title":"Cord blood concentrations of leptin, zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein, and adiponectin, and adiposity gain during the first 3 mo of life","volume":"54","author":"Euclydes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"997","article-title":"Correlation of serum zinc alpha 2 glycoprotein with blood lipid and reproductive hormone levels in men","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0058","article-title":"Serum Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein correlates with adiposity, triglycerides, and the key components of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese subjects","volume":"94","author":"Yeung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morse, K.W., Astbury, N.M., Walczyszyn, A., Hashim, S., and Geliebter, A. (2017). Changes in zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein (ZAG) plasma concentrations pre and post Roux-En-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) or a very low calorie (VLCD) diet in clinically severe obese patients: Preliminary Study. Integr. Obes. Diabetes, 3.","DOI":"10.15761\/IOD.1000170"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0153","article-title":"Circulating zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein is reduced in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but can be increased by exenatide or metformin treatment","volume":"66","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.12.006","article-title":"Preliminary report: Zn-alpha2-glycoprotein genotype and serum levels are associated with serum lipids","volume":"59","author":"Olofsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6606083","article-title":"Enhanced ZAG production by subcutaneous adipose tissue is linked to weight loss in gastrointestinal cancer patients","volume":"104","author":"Mracek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.105","article-title":"Zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein: An adipokine modulator of body fat mass?","volume":"34","author":"Bing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124579","article-title":"Structure and Expression of Rat and Mouse mRNAs for Zn- \u03b12 -Glycoprotein1","volume":"116","author":"Ueyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"2359","article-title":"Biological evaluation of a lipid-mobilizing factor isolated from the urine of cancer patients","volume":"58","author":"Hirai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/90984","article-title":"The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"E527","article-title":"Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: In vivo and in vitro investigations in humans","volume":"285","author":"Bruun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00510.x","article-title":"Adiponectin\u2014A key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Whitehead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.1.12","article-title":"Brown fat and browning for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00154","article-title":"Low serum ZAG levels correlate with determinants of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese subjects","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0210-6","article-title":"Circulating zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein levels are low in newly diagnosed patients with metabolic syndrome and correlate with adiponectin","volume":"14","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.12.024","article-title":"The natural logarithm of zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein\/HOMA-IR is a better predictor of insulin sensitivity than the product of triglycerides and glucose and the other lipid ratios","volume":"79","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25934","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25934","article-title":"Circulating Zinc-\u03b12-glycoprotein levels and Insulin Resistance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0940","article-title":"Zinc- 2-Glycoprotein is associated with insulin resistance in humans and is regulated by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, or liraglutide administration: Cross-sectional and interventional studies in normal subjects, insulin-resistant subjects, and subjects with newly diagnosed diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0369","article-title":"A unique role of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 among chemokines in adipose tissue of obese subjects","volume":"90","author":"Dahlman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0758","article-title":"Lower Zinc-\u03b12-Glycoprotein production by adipose tissue and liver in obese patients unrelated to insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Selva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4585","article-title":"Mechanism of increased lipolysis in cancer cachexia","volume":"67","author":"Agustsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2023\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:34Z","timestamp":1760163214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13062023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13062023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}}}