{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:36Z","timestamp":1787029176405,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health, Labour and Welfare Policy Research Grants","award":["JP 20CA2040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 20CA2040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Japan, dietary habits have greatly changed since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak; we examined factors related to dietary changes. An online cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in November 2020 among 6000 Japanese adults (aged 20\u201364 years) registered with a research company and gathered data on demographics, socioeconomic factors, medical history, COVID-19 status of the respondent\u2019s family and neighbors, fear of COVID-19, and changes in lifestyle and dietary habits since the COVID-19 outbreak. To the question \u201cHave you made healthier changes to your dietary habits compared with the dietary habits before the spread of COVID-19 (1 year ago, November 2019)?\u201d, 1215 (20.3%), 491 (8.2%), and 4294 (71.6%) participants answered that their dietary habits were healthier, unhealthier, and unchanged, respectively. Healthier and unhealthier dietary habits were associated with greater fear of COVID-19, altered exercise and sleep times, and smoking. Unhealthy habits were positively associated with living alone, decreasing household income, colleagues with COVID-19, stress, and weight loss\/gain. Annual household income, changing household income, COVID-19 in friends, health literacy, exercise frequency, weight loss, and starting smoking were positively associated with healthier dietary changes. The generalizability of these results and strategies to inculcate healthy diets in this \u201cnew normal\u201d should be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"2039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Factors Associated with Dietary Change since the Outbreak of COVID-19 in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Misa","family":"Shimpo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Human Development, The University of Nagano, Nagano City, Nagano 380-8525, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Akamatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yui","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Studies, University of Niigata Prefecture, Nagano City, Niigata 950-8680, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0197, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6251-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Okuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01019","article-title":"Overview of the characteristics of and responses to the three waves of COVID-19 in Japan during 2020\u20132021","volume":"15","author":"Karako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2021, February 16). Example of Practicing \u201cNew Lifestyle\u201d, Available online: https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/en.newlifestyle.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Cabine Secretariat (2021, May 31). How to Prevent a Wide Spread Outbreak, Available online: https:\/\/corona.go.jp\/en\/prevention\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rnicka, M., Drywie\u0144, M.E., Zielinska, M.A., and Hamu\u0142ka, J. (2020). Dietary and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdowns among Polish adults: A cross-sectional online survey PLifeCOVID-19 study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082324"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, C., Molina-Montes, E., Verardo, V., Artach, R., Garc\u00eda-Villanova, B., Guerra-Hern\u00e1ndez, E.J., and Ru\u00edz-L\u00f3pez, M.R. (2020). Changes in dietary behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061730"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidor, A., and Rzymski, P. (2020). Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: Experience from Poland. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061657"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2772","article-title":"Comparing eating behaviours, and symptoms of depression and anxiety between Spain and Greece during the COVID-19 outbreak: Cross-sectional analysis of two different confinement strategies","volume":"28","author":"Papandreou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes-Olavarr\u00eda, D., Latorre-Rom\u00e1n, P.A., Guzm\u00e1n-Guzm\u00e1n, I.P., Jerez-Mayorga, D., Caama\u00f1o-Navarrete, F., and Delgado-Floody, P. (2020). Positive and negative changes in food habits, physical activity patterns, and weight status during COVID-19 confinement: Associated factors in the Chilean population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155431"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poelman, M.P., Gillebaart, M., Schlinkert, C., Dijkstra, S.C., Derksen, E., Mensink, F., Hermans, R.C.J., Aardening, P., de Ridder, D., and de Vet, E. (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.105002"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Lei, S.M., Le, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, B., Yao, W., Gao, Z., and Cheng, S. (2020). Bidirectional influence of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on health behaviors and quality of life among Chinese adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155575"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzo, L.D., Gualtieri, P., Pivari, F., Soldati, L., Attin\u00e0, A., Cinelli, G., Leggeri, C., Caparello, G., Barrea, L., and Scerbo, F. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: An Italian survey. J. Transl. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-30403\/v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020002797","article-title":"Investigation on knowledge, attitudes, and practices about food safety and nutrition in the Chinese during the epidemic of corona virus disease 2019","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa363","article-title":"Changes in diet quality and food security among adults during the COVID-19\u2013related early lockdown: Results from NutriQu\u00e9bec","volume":"113","author":"Lamarche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otaki, N., Yano, M., Yokoro, M., Tanino, N., and Fukuo, K. (2020). Relationship between dietary variety and frailty in Japanese older adult women during the period of restriction on outings due to COVID-19. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., published online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa218"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross, M., Ng, S.K., and Scuffham, P. (2020). Trading health for wealth: The effect of COVID-19 response stringency. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238725"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.050","article-title":"What factors drive the satisfaction of citizens with governments\u2019 responses to COVID-19?","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, M.L., Raheem, D., Ramos, F., Carrascosa, C., Saraiva, A., and Raposo, A. (2021). Highlights of current dietary guidelines in five continents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062814"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200403","article-title":"Historical origins of the health belief model","volume":"2","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1974","journal-title":"Health Educ. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.03.009","article-title":"Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power","volume":"45","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4992\/jjpsy.90.18042","article-title":"Comparison among methods for improving response quality of surveys","volume":"90","author":"Masuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2021, May 07). The Number of the Population Dynamic and the Household Based on the Basic Resident Registers, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, February 16). The Fourth General Survey for Households with Children,\n          2016, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-013-0340-z","article-title":"The 14-item health literacy scale for Japanese adults (HLS-14)","volume":"18","author":"Suka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan (2021, February 16). A Report of Survey about Items to Check Stress Symptoms, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C.Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D., and Pakpour, A.H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict.","DOI":"10.1037\/t78404-000"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2021, February 16). The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2021, February 16). The National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiep, T.N., Binh, N.D., Khue, M.P., Giang, B.K., Hoa, T.B.D., Trung, T.N., Thao, T.P.N., Yen, H.N., Kristine, S., and Andrew, P. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale\u2014Associations of its scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114164"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel, K.A., Chung-Ying, L., and Amir, H.P. (2020). The association between health status and insomnia, mental health, and preventive behaviors: The mediating role of fear of COVID-19. Gerontol. Geriatr. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721420966081"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-020-00818-x","article-title":"Socio-demographic factors associated with self-protecting behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Papageorge","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Popul. Econ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, A., Li, Z., Ke, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., and Ren, Z. (2020). Dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated factors. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061699"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jessica, M.Y., Nicolle, M.K., Candace, R.B., Andrea, L.H., Sophia, I.A., and Jonathan, F. (2021). Tobacco use changes and perceived health risks among current tobacco users during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041795"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000510822","article-title":"Self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during COVID-19 lockdown measures: Results from a web-based survey","volume":"26","author":"Nathalie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, February 16). People with Certain Medical Conditions, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-with-medical-conditions.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fneed-extra-precautions%2Fgroups-at-higher-risk.html."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ver\u00f3nica, V., Gloria, G.M., Carina, S.G., Sarah, M., Manuel, J.R., Oriol, S., and Myriam, G. (2020). Psychological health and physical activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249419"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2039\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:14:09Z","timestamp":1760163249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13062039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13062039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]}}}