{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:08:48Z","timestamp":1792084128920,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for feeding infants but has been associated with slower growth in preterm infants compared with preterm formula. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises the post-1990 literature to examine the effect of HM feeding on growth during the neonatal admission of preterm infants with birth weight \u22641500 g and\/or born \u226428 weeks\u2019 gestation. Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched, and comparisons were grouped as exclusive human milk (EHM) vs. exclusive preterm formula (EPTF), any HM vs. EPTF, and higher vs. lower doses of HM. We selected studies that used fortified HM and compared that with a PTF; studies comparing unfortified HM and term formula were excluded. Experimental and observational studies were pooled separately. The GRADE system was used to evaluate risk of bias and certainty of evidence. Forty-four studies were included with 37 (n = 9963 infants) included in the meta-analyses. In general, due to poor quality studies, evidence of the effect of any HM feeds or higher versus lower doses of HM was inconclusive. There was a possible effect that lower doses of HM compared with higher doses of HM improved weight gain during the hospital admission, and separately, a possible effect of increased head circumference growth in infants fed EPTF vs. any HM. The clinical significance of this is unclear. There was insufficient evidence to determine the effects of an exclusive HM diet on any outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T11:19:20Z","timestamp":1624015160000},"page":"2089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Short-Term Growth in Preterm and Very Low Birth Weight Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Machiko","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Rumbold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6474-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"},{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Fong","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmel T.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Edmond, K., and Bahl, R. (2006). Optimal Feeding of Low-Birth-Weight Infants, World Health Organisation. Technical Review."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181adaee0","article-title":"Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: Commentary from the european society of paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition committee on nutrition","volume":"50","author":"Agostoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, J., Tonkin, E., Damarell, R., McPhee, A., Suganuma, M., Suganuma, H., Middleton, P., Makrides, M., and Collins, C. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of human milk feeding and morbidity in very low birth weight infants. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060707"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AAP Committee on Nutrition, AAP Section on Breastfeeding, and AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn (2017). Donor human milk for the high-risk infant: Preparation, safety, and usage options in the United States. Pediatrics, 139, e20163440.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3440"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"CD000343","article-title":"Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00076","article-title":"Fortification of human milk for preterm infants: Update and recommendations of the european milk bank association (emba) working group on human milk fortification","volume":"7","author":"Arslanoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colaizy, T.T., Carlson, S., Saftlas, A.F., and Morriss, F.H. (2012). Growth in vlbw infants fed predominantly fortified maternal and donor human milk diets: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-124"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000387","article-title":"A fortified donor milk policy is associated with improved in-hospital head growth and weight gain in very low-birth-weight infants","volume":"17","author":"Ginovart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Neonatal Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.1150","article-title":"Feeding strategies for premature infants: Beneficial outcomes of feeding fortified human milk versus preterm formula","volume":"103","author":"Schanler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"CD002972","article-title":"Formula versus maternal breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD002971","article-title":"Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants","volume":"7","author":"Quigley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516001720","article-title":"Effects of breast-feeding compared with formula-feeding on preterm infant body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1187","article-title":"Antenatal and postnatal growth and 5-year cognitive outcome in very preterm infants","volume":"133","author":"Leppanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2535","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The prisma statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-140","article-title":"The effects of varying protein and energy intakes on the growth and body composition of very low birth weight infants","volume":"10","author":"Romera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e899","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0282","article-title":"Infant growth before and after term: Effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants","volume":"128","author":"Belfort","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.26","article-title":"Comparing apples with apples: It is time for standardized reporting of neonatal nutrition and growth studies","volume":"79","author":"Cormack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2020, June 20). Covidence Systematic Review Software, Available online: www.covidence.org."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.1.73","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in formula fed to preterm infants","volume":"110","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.359","article-title":"Growth and development in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.3.465","article-title":"Moderate nutrient supplementation of mother\u2019s milk for preterm infants supports adequate bone mass and short-term growth: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Wauben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lok, K.Y.W., Chau, P.H., Fan, H.S.L., Chan, K.M., Chan, B.H., Fung, G.P.C., and Tarrant, M. (2017). Increase in weight in low birth weight and very low birth weight infants fed fortified breast milk versus formula milk: A retrospective cohort study. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050520"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, John Wiley and Sons. Available online: www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2016). Evidence Analysis Manual: Steps in the Academy Evidence Analysis Process, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2020). Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer Program], The Nordic Cochrane Centre. Version 5.4."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Wang, W., Liu, J., and Tong, T. (2014). Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10054","article-title":"Improving growth for infants \u2264250 grams receiving an exclusive human milk diet","volume":"33","author":"Huston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1941406413519267","article-title":"Decreasing necrotizing enterocolitis and gastrointestinal bleeding in the neonatal intensive care unit: The role of donor human milk and exclusive human milk diets in infants \u22641500 g birth weight","volume":"6","author":"Huston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infant Child. Adolesc. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2015). Gradepro Gdt: Gradepro Guideline Development Tool [Software], McMaster University. Available online: gradepro.org."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.07.011","article-title":"Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants","volume":"163","author":"Cristofalo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16144","article-title":"Effect of supplemental donor human milk compared with preterm formula on neurodevelopment of very low-birth-weight infants at 18 months: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Gibbins","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1974","article-title":"Randomized trial of donor human milk versus preterm formula as substitutes for mothers\u2019 own milk in the feeding of extremely premature infants","volume":"116","author":"Schanler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.10.040","article-title":"An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products","volume":"156","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00987.x","article-title":"Changes in growth and metabolism in very low birthweight infants fed with fortified breast milk","volume":"88","author":"Nicholl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469800005502","article-title":"Influence of nutrition on growth in premature infants: Assessment by knemometry","volume":"25","author":"Kaempf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.114","article-title":"Human milk intake in preterm infants and neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected age","volume":"80","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F306","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314625","article-title":"Impact of breast milk intake on body composition at term in very preterm babies: Secondary analysis of the nutritional evaluation and optimisation in neonates randomised controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal. Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.168","article-title":"Decreased cost and improved feeding tolerance in vlbw infants fed an exclusive human milk diet","volume":"36","author":"Assad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584520","article-title":"Growth and development in extremely low birth weight infants after the introduction of exclusive human milk feedings","volume":"34","author":"Colacci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoban, R., Schoeny, M.E., Esquerra-Zwiers, A., Kaenkumchorn, T.K., Casini, G., Tobin, G., Siegel, A.H., Patra, K., Hamilton, M., and Wicks, J. (2019). Impact of donor milk on short- and long-term growth of very low birth weight infants. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020241"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0138","article-title":"Hospital outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after introduction of donor milk to supplement mother\u2019s milk","volume":"10","author":"Verd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001959","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between donor human milk, mother\u2019s own milk, preterm formula, and neonatal growth outcomes","volume":"67","author":"Brownell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1izo V\u00e1zquez, D., Salas Garc\u00eda, S., Izquierdo Renau, M., and Iglesias-Platas, I. (2019). Availability of donor milk for very preterm infants decreased the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis without adversely impacting growth or rates of breastfeeding. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081895"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"252","article-title":"Nutrient intakes and growth of very low birth weight infants","volume":"18","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14691","article-title":"Providing very preterm infants with donor human milk led to faster breastfeeding rates but worse biometric gains","volume":"108","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.179","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the effect of human milk on prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and postnatal growth","volume":"36","author":"Chowning","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.0134","article-title":"Beyond necrotizing enterocolitis prevention: Improving outcomes with an exclusive human milk\u2013based diet","volume":"11","author":"Hair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14634","article-title":"Nutritional therapies in the neonatal intensive care unit and post-natal growth outcomes of preterm very low birthweight asian infants","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14662","article-title":"Improved growth of extremely and very preterm babies: Evaluation of a quality-of-care initiative","volume":"56","author":"Levene","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maas, C., Wiechers, C., Bernhard, W., Poets, C.F., and Franz, A.R. (2013). Early feeding of fortified breast milk and in-hospital-growth in very premature infants: A retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Pediatr., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-178"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.05.341","article-title":"Effects of donor breastmilk feeding on growth and early neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: An observational study","volume":"39","author":"Madore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016002","article-title":"Benefits of early enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"57","author":"Manea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2018.04.010","article-title":"Does type of feeding affect body composition in very low birth weight infants?\u2014A prospective cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Mol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqx001","article-title":"Protein use and weight-gain quality in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants fed human milk or formula","volume":"107","author":"Morlacchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrova, A., Eccles, S., and Mehta, R. (2020). Role of the proportional intake of fortified mother\u2019s own milk in the weight gain pattern of their very-preterm-born infants. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061571"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200101000-00023","article-title":"Weight gain composition in preterm infants with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry","volume":"49","author":"Pieltain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00291","article-title":"The effect of human milk on modulating the quality of growth in preterm infants","volume":"6","author":"Piemontese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1997.tb00992.x","article-title":"The use of breastmilk in a neonatal unit and its relationship to protein and energy intake and growth","volume":"33","author":"Simmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1528","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2110","article-title":"Human milk consumption and full enteral feeding among infants who weigh \u22641250 grams","volume":"121","author":"Sisk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"676","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis and growth in preterm infants fed predominantly maternal milk, pasteurized donor milk, or preterm formula: A retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Sisk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0705-2","article-title":"Human milk feeding and physical growth in very low-birth-weight infants: A multicenter study","volume":"40","author":"Soldateli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.10.080","article-title":"Does breastmilk influence the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia?","volume":"169","author":"Spiegler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1998.tb11616.x","article-title":"Growth and metabolic responses in preterm infants fed fortified human milk or a preterm formula","volume":"52","author":"Warner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01747.x","article-title":"Growth and body composition of preterm infants: Influence of nutrient fortification of mother\u2019s milk in hospital and breastfeeding post-hospital discharge","volume":"87","author":"Wauben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamatschek, C., Yousuf, E.I., Mollers, L.S., So, H.Y., Morrison, K.M., Fusch, C., and Rochow, N. (2020). Fat and fat-free mass of preterm and term infants from birth to six months: A review of current evidence. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020288"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1352","article-title":"Intrauterine, early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5.4 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support","volume":"123","author":"Franz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000834","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000834","article-title":"The apparent breastfeeding paradox in very preterm infants: Relationship between breast feeding, early weight gain and neurodevelopment based on results from two cohorts, epipage and lift","volume":"2","author":"Roze","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"CD007090","article-title":"Comparison of different protein concentrations of human milk fortifier for promoting growth and neurological development in preterm infants","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"CD013145","article-title":"Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates","volume":"11","author":"Premkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319406","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of human milk-based fortifier in enterally fed preterm and\/or low birthweight infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Grace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, A., Sun, R., Maillart, L., Schaefer, A., Spence, E.H., and Perrin, M.T. (2019). Macronutrient variability in human milk from donors to a milk bank: Implications for feeding preterm infants. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210610"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0219","article-title":"The effect of prolonged freezing and holder pasteurization on the macronutrient and bioactive protein compositions of human milk","volume":"15","author":"Paulaviciene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2089\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:18:29Z","timestamp":1760163509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2089"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13062089"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13062089","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202105.0237.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]}}}