{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:19:44Z","timestamp":1777619984258,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007773","name":"Danone","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3X00145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3X00145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African Sugar Association","award":["3R00343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R00343"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["2500411-77231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2500411-77231"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to determine factors associated with changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone resorption markers over two years in black postmenopausal women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Women (n = 120) aged &gt; 45 years were recruited from Potchefstroom, South Africa. Total lumbar spine and left femoral neck (LFN) BMD were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting serum C-Telopeptide of Type I collagen (CTx), vitamin D and parathyroid hormone were measured. Vitamin D insufficiency levels increased from 23% at baseline to 39% at follow up. In mixed linear models serum CTx showed no change from baseline to end (p = 0.363, effect size = 0.09). Total and LFN BMD increased significantly over two years, but effect sizes were small. No significant change in spine BMD over time was detected (p = 0.19, effect size = 0.02). Age was significantly positively associated with CTx over time, and negatively with total and LFN BMD. Physical activity (PA) was positively associated with LFN BMD (p = 0.008). Despite a decrease in serum vitamin D, BMD and CTx showed small or no changes over 2 years. Future studies should investigate PA interventions to maintain BMD in women living with HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"2090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density and Bone Resorption Markers in Postmenopausal HIV-Infected Women on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christa","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herculina S","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel A","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena C","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 0745, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.50B1.2","article-title":"Osteoporosis and fracture of the femoral neck in the South African Bantu","volume":"50","author":"Solomon","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. 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