{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:35:32Z","timestamp":1776818132062,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last decade, the role of nutritional management in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases has gained increasing popularity. Disease-specific diets have been introduced as conventional treatments by international guidelines. Patients tend to more willingly accept food-based therapies than drugs because of their relatively \u201charmless\u201d nature. Apart from a diet\u2019s therapeutic role, nutritional support is crucial in maintaining growth and improving clinical outcomes in pediatric patients. Despite the absence of classical \u201cside effects\u201d, however, it should be emphasized that any dietary modification might have negative consequences on children\u2019s growth and development. Hence, expert supervision is always advised, in order to support adequate nutritional requirements. Unfortunately, the media provide an inaccurate perception of the role of diet for gastrointestinal diseases, leading to misconceptions by patients or their caregivers that tends to overestimate the beneficial role of diets and underestimate the potential adverse effects. Moreover, not only patients, but also healthcare professionals, have a number of misconceptions about the nutritional benefits of diet modification on gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of diet in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases, to detect misconceptions and to give a practical guide for physicians on the basis of current scientific evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"2109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nutritional Aspects of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3594-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Di Chio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli, Via Ospedale 12, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Sokollik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children\u2019s Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego G.","family":"Peroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli, Via Ospedale 12, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Righini-Grunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Lucerne Children\u2019s Hospital, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hills, R.D., Pontefract, B.A., Mishcon, H.R., Black, C.A., Sutton, S.C., and Theberge, C.R. (2019). Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Disease. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071613"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14253","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Enteral nutrition therapy for the induction of remission in paediatric Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"46","author":"Swaminath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy207","article-title":"Mucosal Healing and Bacterial Composition in Response to Enteral Nutrition Vs Steroid-based Induction Therapy-A Randomised Prospective Clinical Trial in Children With Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Pigneur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.03.010","article-title":"Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled open-label trial","volume":"4","author":"Borrelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1159\/000510795","article-title":"Low FODMAP Diet Is Not Effective in Children with Functional Abdominal Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"76","author":"Boradyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"Cd010972","article-title":"Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90914-2","article-title":"Continuous elemental enteral alimentation in children with Crohn\u2019s disease and growth failure","volume":"79","author":"Morin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.04.005","article-title":"Consensus guidelines of ECCO\/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Ruemmele","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Rheenen, P.F., Aloi, M., Assa, A., Bronsky, J., Escher, J.C., Fagerberg, U.L., Gasparetto, M., Gerasimidis, K., Griffiths, A., and Henderson, P. (2020). The Medical Management of Paediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease: An ECCO-ESPGHAN Guideline Update. J. Crohns Colitis.","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa161"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000426","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Nutritional and Biological Therapy in North American Children with Active Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw086","article-title":"Mucosal Healing in Paediatric Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Luminal Crohn\u2019s Disease Under Combined Immunosuppression: Escalation versus Early Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04067.x","article-title":"The use of exclusive enteral nutrition for induction of remission in children with Crohn\u2019s disease demonstrates that disease phenotype does not influence clinical remission","volume":"30","author":"Buchanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00434.x","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutrition in the management of perianal Crohn\u2019s disease in children","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"995","article-title":"Efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition in complicated Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000041","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutritional therapy can relieve inflammatory bowel stricture in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13934","article-title":"Exclusive enteral nutrition provides an effective bridge to safer interval elective surgery for adults with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Heerasing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e478","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000478","article-title":"Role of exclusive enteral nutrition in the preoperative optimization of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease following immunosuppressive therapy","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1221994","article-title":"Preoperative oral polymeric diet enriched with transforming growth factor-beta 2 (Modulen) could decrease postoperative morbidity after surgery for complicated ileocolonic Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Beaupel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.335","article-title":"Microbiota of de-novo pediatric IBD: Increased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and reduced bacterial diversity in Crohn\u2019s but not in ulcerative colitis","volume":"107","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.02.046","article-title":"Microbiota in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"157","author":"Schwiertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa001","article-title":"Bacterial Taxa and Functions Are Predictive of Sustained Remission Following Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.357","article-title":"Extensive Modulation of the Fecal Metagenome in Children With Crohn\u2019s Disease During Exclusive Enteral Nutrition","volume":"110","author":"Quince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9449-x","article-title":"Polymeric formula has direct anti-inflammatory effects on enterocytes in an in vitro model of intestinal inflammation","volume":"52","author":"Leach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0471-1","article-title":"Differential effects of nutritional and non-nutritional therapies on intestinal barrier function in an in vitro model","volume":"47","author":"Nahidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00707.x","article-title":"Mucosal healing and a fall in mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induced by a specific oral polymeric diet in paediatric Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Fell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20238","article-title":"Impacts of long-term enteral nutrition on clinical and endoscopic disease activities and mucosal cytokines during remission in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: A prospective study","volume":"13","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.002","article-title":"Treatment of Active Crohn\u2019s Disease With an Ordinary Food-based Diet That Replicates Exclusive Enteral Nutrition","volume":"156","author":"Svolos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suskind, D.L., Lee, D., Kim, Y.M., Wahbeh, G., Singh, N., Braly, K., Nuding, M., Nicora, C.D., Purvine, S.O., and Lipton, M.S. (2020). The Specific Carbohydrate Diet and Diet Modification as Induction Therapy for Pediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Randomized Diet Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123749"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000103","article-title":"Nutritional therapy in pediatric Crohn disease: The specific carbohydrate diet","volume":"58","author":"Suskind","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315866","article-title":"Evolving role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"67","author":"Levine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.021","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s Disease Exclusion Diet Plus Partial Enteral Nutrition Induces Sustained Remission in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"157","author":"Levine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.062554","article-title":"Treatment of active Crohn\u2019s disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.4.543","article-title":"Supplementary enteral nutrition maintains remission in paediatric Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Wilschanski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03120.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of an \u2018half elemental diet\u2019 as maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease: A randomized-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Takagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl13345","article-title":"Effect of short-term partial enteral nutrition on the treatment of younger patients with severe Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5873158","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5873158","article-title":"Maintenance of Remission with Partial Enteral Nutrition Therapy in Pediatric Crohn\u2019s Disease: A Retrospective Study","volume":"2017","author":"Schulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.16.3.494","article-title":"Effect of elemental diet combined with infliximab dose escalation in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease with loss of response to infliximab: CERISIER trial","volume":"16","author":"Hisamatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.015","article-title":"A Diet Low in Red and Processed Meat Does Not Reduce Rate of Crohn\u2019s Disease Flares","volume":"157","author":"Albenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619841249","article-title":"Vegetarian or gluten-free diets in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are associated with lower psychological well-being and a different gut microbiota, but no beneficial effects on the course of the disease","volume":"7","author":"Schreiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300413","article-title":"Effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN) on bacterial composition and disease activity of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: Results from a double-blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Joossens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.07.025","article-title":"Metabolic Functions of Gut Microbes Associate With Efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"157","author":"Aden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.08.064","article-title":"Butyrate in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy","volume":"158","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.076604","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn\u2019s disease: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial","volume":"55","author":"Marteau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.021","article-title":"Saccharomyces boulardii does not prevent relapse of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Bourreille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.016","article-title":"The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis","volume":"7","author":"Sood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.218","article-title":"Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"105","author":"Tursi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"CD005573","article-title":"Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"3","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lev-Tzion, R., Griffiths, A.M., Leder, O., and Turner, D. (2014). Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006320.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006320.pub4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318276977d","article-title":"Tolerability of curcumin in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A forced-dose titration study","volume":"56","author":"Suskind","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.08.008","article-title":"Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Hanai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13218","article-title":"Systematic review: Body composition in children with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"42","author":"Thangarajah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.01.003","article-title":"Increases in Sex Hormones during Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 Therapy in Adolescents with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"171","author":"DeBoer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0105-2","article-title":"Vitamin D status and risk for sarcopenia in youth with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"72","author":"Mager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000169","article-title":"Early-onset Crohn\u2019s disease is a risk factor for smaller final height","volume":"26","author":"Herzog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15667","article-title":"Adult height in patients with childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease: A nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Mouratidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1716061","article-title":"Altered body composition profiles in young adults with childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Sigurdsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawiec, P., and Pac-Ko\u017cuchowska, E. (2020). Biomarkers and Hematological Indices in the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051358"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182250b3e","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in young patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Pappa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002002","article-title":"Anemia in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"67","author":"Aljomah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002688","article-title":"Assessment and Interpretation of Vitamin and Trace Element Status in Sick Children: A Position Paper From the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology, and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition","volume":"70","author":"Gerasimidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002885","article-title":"Anemia in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Position Paper by the IBD Committee of the North AmeriCan. Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition","volume":"71","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7378","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i48.7378","article-title":"Effect of dietary fiber on constipation: A meta analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1515-5","article-title":"Clinical practice: Diagnosis and treatment of functional constipation","volume":"170","author":"Tabbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0179","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic treatments for childhood constipation: Systematic review","volume":"128","author":"Tabbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000266","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: Evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN","volume":"58","author":"Tabbers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatric Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.10.1400","article-title":"Constipation in early childhood: Patient characteristics, treatment, and longterm follow up","volume":"34","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e4rtty, A., Rautava, S., and Kalliom\u00e4ki, M. (2018). Probiotics on Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121836"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2972-2","article-title":"Systematic review: Probiotics for functional constipation in children","volume":"176","author":"Wojtyniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.10.022","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus GG as an adjunct to lactulose for the treatment of constipation in children: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"146","author":"Banaszkiewicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.04.066","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) in infants with functional chronic constipation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"157","author":"Coccorullo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.03.008","article-title":"The effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 as an adjunct to macrogol in the treatment of functional constipation in children. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"42","author":"Wegner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i34.3916","article-title":"Pediatric functional constipation treatment with Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt: A crossover, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Guerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0334-3","article-title":"Efficacy of a mixture of probiotic agents as complementary therapy for chronic functional constipation in childhood","volume":"43","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-19","article-title":"Is Bifidobacterium breve effective in the treatment of childhood constipation? Results from a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Tabbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"291","article-title":"Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto- and fructooligosaccharides in formula-fed term infants","volume":"34","author":"Moro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-6-8","article-title":"The clinical effect of a new infant formula in term infants with constipation: A double-blind, randomized cross-over trial","volume":"6","author":"Bongers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2016.19.3.153","article-title":"Middle East Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in <12 Months Old Infants","volume":"19","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatric Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70496-5","article-title":"Chronic constipation as a symptom of cow milk allergy","volume":"126","author":"Iacono","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391602","article-title":"Intolerance of cow\u2019s milk and chronic constipation in children","volume":"339","author":"Iacono","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5010253","article-title":"Does milk cause constipation? A crossover dietary trial","volume":"5","author":"Crowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12637","article-title":"When should we use partially hydrolysed formulae for frequent gastrointestinal symptoms and allergy prevention?","volume":"103","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.109","article-title":"Neuroimmune interaction and anorectal motility in children with food allergy-related chronic constipation","volume":"104","author":"Borrelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"468","article-title":"The Role of Cow\u2019s Milk Allergy in Pediatric Chronic Constipation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"22","author":"Dehghani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922810390511","article-title":"Lactose-free milk protein-based infant formula: Impact on growth and gastrointestinal tolerance in infants","volume":"50","author":"Lasekan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0008-7","article-title":"Infant colic: Mechanisms and management","volume":"15","author":"Zeevenhooven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.09.020","article-title":"Probiotics for infantile colic: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938","volume":"166","author":"Chau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-015-0448-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of Lactobacillus reuteri in infantile colic and colicky induced maternal depression: A prospective single blind randomized trial","volume":"107","author":"Mi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antonie Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0433","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in infantile colic: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"126","author":"Savino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.08.004","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of infantile colic in breastfed infants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"162","author":"Szajewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"g2107","article-title":"Treating infant colic with the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri: Double blind, placebo controlled randomised trial","volume":"348","author":"Sung","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, V., D\u2019Amico, F., Cabana, M.D., Chau, K., Koren, G., Savino, F., Szajewska, H., Deshpande, G., Dupont, C., and Indrio, F. (2018). Lactobacillus reuteri to Treat Infant Colic: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1811"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.127","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG therapy and microbiological programming in infantile colic: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"Cd012473","article-title":"Probiotics to prevent infantile colic","volume":"3","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000691","article-title":"Probiotics for the Management of Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Simonson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MCN Am. J. Matern Child. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirazinia, R., Golabchifar, A.A., and Fazeli, M.R. (2021). Efficacy of probiotics for managing infantile colic due to their anti-inflammatory properties: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Clin. Exp. Pediatr.","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01676"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001478","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in the Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain in Children: RCT Study","volume":"64","author":"Hojsak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.04.003","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the Management of Functional Abdominal Pain in Childhood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"174","author":"Weizman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01797.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri in children with functional abdominal pain (FAP)","volume":"50","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03809-y","article-title":"Use of probiotics in the treatment of functional abdominal pain in children-systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Niseteo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"3645","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 is effective in the treatment of functional abdominal pain in children: Results of the double-blind randomized study","volume":"39","author":"Sila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1359539","article-title":"The effect of fiber and prebiotics on children\u2019s gastrointestinal disorders and microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Wegh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80282-3","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of a fiber-enriched formula on infant colic","volume":"119","author":"Treem","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602457","article-title":"Reduction of crying episodes owing to infantile colic: A randomized controlled study on the efficacy of a new infant formula","volume":"60","author":"Savino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13844","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial demonstrates that fermented infant formula with short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of infantile colic","volume":"106","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.05.035","article-title":"Effects of early prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on development of gut microbiota and fussing and crying in preterm infants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"163","author":"Luoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140140050025","article-title":"The use of dietary fiber in the management of simple, childhood, idiopathic, recurrent, abdominal pain. Results in a prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"139","author":"Feldman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"738","article-title":"Recurrent abdominal pain and dietary fiber","volume":"140","author":"Christensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i2.235","article-title":"Partially hydrolyzed guar gum in pediatric functional abdominal pain","volume":"19","author":"Romano","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i20.3062","article-title":"Glucomannan for abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders in children: A randomized trial","volume":"19","author":"Horvath","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.03.045","article-title":"Psyllium Fiber Reduces Abdominal Pain in Children With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Randomized, Double-Blind Trial","volume":"15","author":"Shulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10108","article-title":"Dietary Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs) and Gastrointestinal Disease","volume":"33","author":"Vakil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6382.1936","article-title":"Dietary lactose and the child with abdominal pain","volume":"286","author":"Dearlove","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"828","article-title":"Recurrent abdominal pain and lactose absorption in children","volume":"67","author":"Lebenthal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02721.x","article-title":"Lactose and fructose malabsorption in children with recurrent abdominal pain: Results of double-blinded testing","volume":"101","author":"Gijsbers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posovszky, C., Roesler, V., Becker, S., Iven, E., Hudert, C., Ebinger, F., Calvano, C., and Warschburger, P. (2019). Roles of Lactose and Fructose Malabsorption and Dietary Outcomes in Children Presenting with Chronic Abdominal Pain. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123063"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383653","article-title":"Positive or negative fructose breath test results do not predict response to fructose restricted diet in children with recurrent abdominal pain: Results from a prospective randomized trial","volume":"226","author":"Wirth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.09.046","article-title":"A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Halmos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x","article-title":"Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Ong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15007","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Reducing the intake of dietary FODMAPs of breastfeeding mothers is associated with a greater improvement of the symptoms of infantile colic than for a typical diet","volume":"48","author":"Iacovou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boradyn, K.M., Jarocka-Cyrta, E., Przyby\u0142owicz, K.E., and Obara-Go\u0142\u0119biowska, M. (2020). Parental Opinion about the Low FODMAP Diet in Dietary Treatment of Children with Functional Abdominal Pain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155554"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13286","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial: Gut microbiome biomarkers are associated with clinical response to a low FODMAP diet in children with the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Chumpitazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.09.043","article-title":"Fructans Exacerbate Symptoms in a Subset of Children With Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Chumpitazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.07.001","article-title":"Update on Dietary Management of Childhood Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders","volume":"47","author":"Chumpitazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.71.2.268","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk proteins cause infantile colic in breast-fed infants: A double-blind crossover study","volume":"71","author":"Jakobsson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"11","article-title":"Dietary treatment of infant colic: A double-blind study","volume":"39","author":"Campbell","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.6.1349","article-title":"Infantile colic: Crying time reduction with a whey hydrolysate: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"106","author":"Lucassen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb01180.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of casein hydrolysate feedings in infants with colic","volume":"89","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0842-5","article-title":"Dietary management of infantile colic: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Iacovou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pensabene, L., Salvatore, S., D\u2019Auria, E., Parisi, F., Concolino, D., Borrelli, O., Thapar, N., Staiano, A., Vandenplas, Y., and Saps, M. (2018). Cow\u2019s Milk Protein Allergy in Infancy: A Risk Factor for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children?. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111716"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llanos-Chea, A., and Fasano, A. (2018). Gluten and Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders in Children. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101491"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.03.025","article-title":"Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy","volume":"135","author":"Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.143289","article-title":"Prospective follow-up oral food challenge in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.008","article-title":"Clinical featuRes. and resolution of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: 10-year experience","volume":"134","author":"Caubet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.03.027","article-title":"Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in Australia: A population-based study, 2012-2014","volume":"140","author":"Mehr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12423","article-title":"High-resolution anorectal manometry in newborns: Normative values and diagnostic utility in Hirschsprung disease","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283599ca1","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Leonard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.07.011","article-title":"Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, A., Moreira, D., Costa, C., and Pinto Pais, I. (2018). Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: A challenging diagnosis. BMJ Case Rep, 2018.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-222822"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.12.966","article-title":"International consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Executive summary-Workgroup Report of the Adverse Reactions to Foods Committee, AmeriCan. Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","volume":"139","author":"Chehade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0546(05)73249-3","article-title":"Food-protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by fish","volume":"33","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol. Madr."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"354","article-title":"Diagnosis and natural history of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in children from a tertiary hospital in central Spain","volume":"24","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002169","article-title":"Food Protein-induced Enterocolitis Syndrome: Data From a Multicenter Retrospective Study in Spain","volume":"68","author":"Segarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2012.04027.x","article-title":"A multicentre retrospective study of 66 Italian children with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Different management for different phenotypes","volume":"42","author":"Sopo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.045","article-title":"Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Increased prevalence of this great unknown-results of the PREVALE study","volume":"143","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12461","article-title":"Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome caused by fish and\/or shellfish in Italy","volume":"26","author":"Monaco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e459","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2029","article-title":"Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: 16-year experience","volume":"123","author":"Mehr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31819774a5","article-title":"Early flavor learning and its impact on later feeding behavior","volume":"48","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13415","article-title":"Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Caubet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labrosse, R., Graham, F., and Caubet, J.C. (2020). Non-IgE-Mediated Gastrointestinal Food Allergies in Children: An Update. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072086"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000058","article-title":"Clinical management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Greco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12659","article-title":"Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergies in children","volume":"28","author":"Caubet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2017.02.006","article-title":"Single and multiple food allergies in infants with proctocolitis","volume":"46","author":"Koksal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol. Madr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13947","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Non-IgE gastrointestinal allergies in breastfed infants-An EAACI Position Paper","volume":"75","author":"Meyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80008-5","article-title":"Dietary protein-induced colitis in breast-fed infants","volume":"101","author":"Lake","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100471","article-title":"Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis in infants: Literature review and proposal of a management protocol","volume":"13","author":"Mennini","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.58","article-title":"Oligo-antigenic diet in the treatment of chronic anal fissures. Evidence for a relationship between food hypersensitivity and anal fissures","volume":"108","author":"Carroccio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12844","article-title":"Proposal for management of the infant with suspected food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis","volume":"29","author":"Monaco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3811","article-title":"Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome and allergic proctocolitis","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01534.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of infant formulas to treat cows milk protein allergy: An Australian consensus panel opinion","volume":"188","author":"Kemp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2011.01237.x","article-title":"The predictive value of skin prick testing for challenge-proven food allergy: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61151-9","article-title":"Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis with specific food elimination diet directed by a combination of skin prick and patch tests","volume":"95","author":"Spergel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.021","article-title":"Identification of causative foods in children with eosinophilic esophagitis treated with an elimination diet","volume":"130","author":"Spergel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.03.023","article-title":"Comparative dietary therapy effectiveness in remission of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"129","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13676","article-title":"Allergy tests do not predict food triggers in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. A comprehensive prospective study using five modalities","volume":"44","author":"Philpott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12846","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by a non-IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity","volume":"71","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.006","article-title":"Efficacy of dietary interventions for inducing histologic remission in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Arias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.05.048","article-title":"Efficacy of a 4-Food Elimination Diet for Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"15","author":"Kagalwalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.08.038","article-title":"Step-up empiric elimination diet for pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: The 2-4-6 study","volume":"141","author":"Arias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Wechsler, J.B., Schwartz, S., Arva, N.C., Kim, K.A., Chen, L., Makhija, M., Amsden, K., Keeley, K., Mohammed, S., and Dellon, E.S. (2021). A Single Food Milk Elimination Diet Is Effective for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000493668","article-title":"Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases in Childhood","volume":"73","author":"Koutri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182a80be1","article-title":"Management guidelines of eosinophilic esophagitis in childhood","volume":"58","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90637-1","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: Improvement with an amino acid-based formula","volume":"109","author":"Kelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3129-7","article-title":"Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in the pediatric patient: An evidence-based approach","volume":"177","author":"Lucendo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-015-0464-y","article-title":"Meta-Analysis-Based Guidance for Dietary Management in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"17","author":"Lucendo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-019-09984-x","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Eating Behavior of School-Aged Children with Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Their Caregivers\u2019 Quality of Life: Perspectives of Caregivers","volume":"34","author":"Hiremath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.12.026","article-title":"Dietary Therapy and Nutrition Management of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Work Group Report of the AmeriCan. Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology","volume":"5","author":"Groetch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pr."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.166","article-title":"Eosinophilic gastritis in children: Clinicopathological correlation, disease course, and response to therapy","volume":"109","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(84)90090-3","article-title":"Milk-sensitive and eosinophilic gastroenteropathy: Similar clinical featuRes. with contrasting mechanisms and clinical course","volume":"74","author":"Katz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000766","article-title":"Efficacy of Dietary Treatment for Inducing Disease Remission in Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis","volume":"61","author":"Lucendo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31825c9482","article-title":"Diagnostic approach and management of cow\u2019s-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Koletzko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7031817","article-title":"Effectiveness of dietary allergen exclusion therapy on eosinophilic colitis in Chinese infants and young children \u2264 3 years of age","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2109\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:19:23Z","timestamp":1760163563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/6\/2109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13062109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13062109","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]}}}