{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:07:44Z","timestamp":1794377264322,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infects the respiratory tract and leads to the disease entity, COVID-19. Accordingly, the lungs bear the greatest pathologic burden with the major cause of death being respiratory failure. However, organs remote from the initial site of infection (e.g., kidney, heart) are not spared, particularly in severe and fatal cases. Emerging evidence indicates that an excessive inflammatory response coupled with a diminished antiviral defense is pivotal in the initiation and development of COVID-19. A common finding in autopsy specimens is the presence of thrombi in the lungs as well as remote organs, indicative of immunothrombosis. Herein, the role of SARS-CoV-2 in lung inflammation and associated sequelae are reviewed with an emphasis on immunothrombosis. In as much as vitamin D is touted as a supplement to conventional therapies of COVID-19, the impact of this vitamin at various junctures of COVID-19 pathogenesis is also addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T13:39:22Z","timestamp":1624887562000},"page":"2216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Lung-Centric Inflammation of COVID-19: Potential Modulation by Vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9974-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana. M. A.","family":"Fakhoury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter R.","family":"Kvietys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8026-9549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Shakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hashim","family":"Shams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1439-3285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Alkattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, P.O. Box 50927, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1736644","article-title":"A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome Vitamin D and host antiviral defence: Lessons from other pathogenic viruses","volume":"9","author":"Fung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, D., Comish, P., and Kang, R. (2020). The hallmarks of COVID-19 disease. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008536"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"COVID-19, SARS and MERS: Are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. 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