{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:28:55Z","timestamp":1787668135783,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major program for health care reform from Chinese National Health Commission (2015)","award":["2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimal vitamin D (vitD) status is beneficial for both pregnant women and their newborns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vitamin D status of Chinese pregnant women in the latest China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) 2015\u20132017, analyze the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency (VDD), and compare them with those in CNHS 2010\u20132012. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by ELISA method. City type, district, latitude, location, age, vitamin D supplements intake, education, marital status, annual family income, etc., were recorded. The median 25(OH)D concentration was 13.02 (10.17\u201317.01) ng\/mL in 2015\u20132017, and 15.48 (11.89\u201320.09) ng\/mL in 2010\u20132012. The vitamin D sufficient rate was only 12.57% in 2015\u20132017, comparing to 25.17% in 2010\u20132012. The risk factors of vitamin D inadequacy (25(OH)D &lt; 20 ng\/mL) in 2015\u20132017 were not exactly consistent with that in 2010\u20132012. The risk factors included season of spring (p &lt; 0.0001) and winter (p &lt; 0.001), subtropical (p &lt; 0.001), median (p &lt; 0.0001) and warm temperate zones (p &lt; 0.0001), the western (p = 0.027) and the central areas (p = 0.041), while vitD supplements intake (p = 0.021) was a protective factor in pregnant women. In conclusion, vitD inadequacy is very common among Chinese pregnant women. We encourage pregnant women to take more effective sunlight and proper vitD supplements, especially for those from the subtropical, warm and medium temperate zones, the western and the central, and in the seasons of spring and winter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T10:52:46Z","timestamp":1624963966000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vitamin D Nutritional Status of Chinese Pregnant Women, Comparing the Chinese National Nutrition Surveillance (CNHS) 2015\u20132017 with CNHS 2010\u20132012"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0423-9169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yichun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lichen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China CDC, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0262-y","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular risk","volume":"14","author":"Motiwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. 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