{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:03:08Z","timestamp":1785556988650,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (H.s.) is a polyphenolic-rich plant commonly consumed either as a beverage or spice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro digestibility of H.s. polyphenols using an in vitro model of digestion which simulates the human stomach and small intestine. The bioaccessible polyphenols released in the digested samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection. H.s. anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside and delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside) content drastically dropped during the digestion process from 2.91 \u00b1 0.03 \u00b5g g\u22121 and 8.53 \u00b1 0.08 \u00b5g g\u22121 (w\/w) CG (Cyanidin-glucoside) in the raw extract, respectively, to 0.12 \u00b1 0.01 \u00b5g g\u22121 0.12 \u00b1 0.01 \u00b5g g\u22121 (w\/w) CG at the end of duodenal digestion. Total polyphenols also have shown a decrease from 1192.65 \u00b1 30.37 \u00b5g g\u22121 (w\/w) in the raw extract to 282.24 \u00b1 7.21 \u00b5g g\u22121 (w\/w) by the end of gastric digestion, in contrast to their increase by the end of duodenal digestion 372.91 \u00b1 3.97 \u00b5g g\u22121 (w\/w). On the other hand, the decrease in certain compounds (e.g., caffeoylquinicandcoumaroylquinic acids) was observed during gastric digestion resulting in an increase of quinic acid in the duodenal aliquots, thus suggesting that this compound was derived from the degradation of the more complex hydroxycinnamic acids. H.s. extract also exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC of 2.5 mg mL\u22121) and a bactericidal effect against a food isolate of Listeria monocytogenes (MBC of 2.5 mg mL\u22121). The undigested polyphenols of H.s. in the upper gastrointestinal tract enters the colon, where they are metabolized by the gut microbiota. The present study results showed that resistance of H.s. polyphenols during gastrointestinal digestion might affect their uptake, resulting in a decrease in their digestibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1626049416000},"page":"2360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Digestibility of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Polyphenols Using an In Vitro Human Digestion Model and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yassine Oulad El","family":"Majdoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Ginestra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5663-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Mandalari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Dugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Chromaleont s.r.l., c\/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8890-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Mondello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Chromaleont s.r.l., c\/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BeSeps.r.l., c\/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Cacciola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview","volume":"73","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121231","article-title":"Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols","volume":"2","author":"Tsao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1039\/b802662a","article-title":"Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health","volume":"26","author":"Crozier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.112.098004","article-title":"A genome-wide regulatory framework identifies maize pericarp Color1 controlled genes","volume":"24","author":"Morohashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9236","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16059236","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antitumoral effects of combinations of polyphenols, or polyphenols and anticancer drugs: Perspectives on cancer treatment","volume":"16","author":"Fantini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-019-03358-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the availability of delphinidin and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside from Hibiscus sabdariffa and 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale in colon using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection","volume":"245","author":"Majdoub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-016-9459-z","article-title":"The chemistry of gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols","volume":"15","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.079","article-title":"Polyphenol and nutrient release from skin of almonds during simulated human digestion","volume":"122","author":"Mandalari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandalari, G., Vardakou, M., Faulks, R., Bisignano, C., Martorana, M., Smeriglio, A., and Trombetta, D. (2016). Food Matrix Effects of Polyphenol Bioaccessibility from Almond Skin during Simulated Human Digestion. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090568"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.08.004","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of pistachio polyphenols, xanthophylls, and tocopherols during simulated human digestion","volume":"29","author":"Mandalari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073393v","article-title":"Release of protein, lipid, and vitamin E from almond seeds during digestion","volume":"14","author":"Mandalari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trombetta, D., Smeriglio, A., Denaro, M., Zagamai, R., Tomassetti, M., Pililli, R., De Angelis, E., Monaci, L., and Mandalari, G. (2020). Understanding the Fate of Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) Oleosomes during Simulated Digestion. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113397"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.02.027","article-title":"Aromatic Decoration Determines the Formation of Anthocyanic Vacuolar Inclusions","volume":"27","author":"Kallam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-0854-8","article-title":"Analysis of phenolic compounds in different parts of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit by HPLC-PDA-ESI\/MS and evaluation of their antioxidant activity: Application to different Italian varieties","volume":"410","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"CLSI (2012). M100-S22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Twentieth Informational Supplement."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.08.006","article-title":"The aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calices modulates the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in humans","volume":"17","author":"Rull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18396","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818396","article-title":"Permeability Study of Polyphenols Derived from a Phenolic-Enriched Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract by UHPLC-ESI-UHR-Qq-TOF-MS","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.040","article-title":"Quantification of the polyphenolic fraction and in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-hyperlipemic activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract","volume":"44","author":"Pasini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.12.001","article-title":"Synergism of plant-derived polyphenols in adipogenesis: Perspectives and implications","volume":"19","author":"Joven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9901","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2022379","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa Polyphenolic Extract Inhibits Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Glycation-Oxidative Stress while Improving Insulin Resistance","volume":"59","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2806","article-title":"Composition analysis of carotenoids and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from hibiscus calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) by HPLC-DAD-MS\/MS","volume":"30","author":"Piovesana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"C212","article-title":"Hot and Cold Water Infusion Aroma Profiles of Hibiscus sabdariffa: Fresh Compared with Dried","volume":"76","author":"Balaban","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.073","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa L. as a source of nutrients, bioactive compounds and colouring agents","volume":"100","author":"Jabeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00137D","article-title":"Polyphenols from artichoke heads (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. scolymus Hayek): In vitro bio-accessibility, intestinal uptake and bioavailability","volume":"6","author":"Garbetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0113833","article-title":"In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of pomegranate juice phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and vitamin C","volume":"50","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.12.013","article-title":"Interactions of polyphenols with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins","volume":"175","author":"Jakobek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.02.009","article-title":"A review on protein\u2013phenolic interactions and associated changes","volume":"51","author":"Ozdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.02.006","article-title":"Intake and Bioaccessibility of Total Polyphenols in a Whole Diet","volume":"101","author":"Serrano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.12.010","article-title":"Release of anthocyanins from the hibiscus extract encapsulated by ionic gelation and application of microparticles in jelly candy","volume":"121","author":"Berling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eker, M.E., Aaby, K., Budic-Leto, I., Brn\u010di\u0107, S.R., El, S.N., Karakaya, S., Simsek, S., Manach, C., Wiczkowski, W., and Pascual-Teresa, S. (2019). A Review of Factors Affecting Anthocyanin Bioavailability: Possible Implications for the Inter-Individual Variability. Foods, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9010002"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2019.0273","article-title":"Comparison of the Antimicrobial Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx Extracts, Six Commercial Types of Mouthwashes, and Chlorhexidine on Oral Pathogenic Bacteria, and the Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chlorhexidine on Permeability of the Bacterial Membrane","volume":"24","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-019-00835-9","article-title":"Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract Inhibits Adhesion, Biofilm Initiation and Formation in Candida albicans","volume":"60","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856243","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/856243","article-title":"In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Effect on Biofilm Production of a White Grape Juice (Vitisvinifera) Extract","volume":"2015","author":"Filocamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6891","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two standardized extracts from a new Chinese accession of non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"35","author":"Smeriglio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808203390806","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"339","author":"Lowy","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/7\/2360\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:39Z","timestamp":1760164119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/7\/2360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13072360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13072360","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]]}}}