{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:42:17Z","timestamp":1791362537311,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":269,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, which creates a large economic burden. Diet is a critical factor in the treatment and management of T2D; however, there are a large number of dietary approaches and a general lack of consensus regarding the efficacy of each. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to critically evaluate the effects of various dietary strategies on diabetes management and treatment, such as Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, low-calorie and very low-calorie diets, intermittent fasting, low-carbohydrate and very low-carbohydrate diets, and low glycemic diets and (2) to examine several purported supplements, such as protein, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and vitamin D to improve glucose control and body composition. This review can serve as a resource for those wanting to evaluate the evidence supporting the various dietary strategies and supplements that may help manage T2D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"2378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lewgood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6775-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Korzepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6896-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott C.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bailie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren G.","family":"Candow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9036","article-title":"How do we define cure of diabetes?","volume":"32","author":"Buse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.12.014","article-title":"Identifying the causes of the changes in the prevalence patterns of diabetes in older U.S. adults: A new trend partitioning approach","volume":"32","author":"Akushevich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association, Bantle, J.P., Wylie-Rosett, J., Albright, A.L., Apovian, C.M., Clark, N.G., Franz, M.J., Hoogwerf, B.J., Lichtenstein, A.H., and Mayer-Davis, E. (2008). Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 31, 61."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12035","article-title":"Consensus Development Conference on Diabetes and Older Adults Diabetes in older adults: A consensus report","volume":"60","author":"Kirkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62154-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Perspectives on the past, present, and future","volume":"383","author":"Kahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keys, A. (1980). Seven Countries A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease, Havard University Press.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674497887"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dernini, S., and Berry, E.M. (2016). Mediterranean Diet, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2021, May 20). UNESCO. Available online: https:\/\/ich.unesco.org\/en\/RL\/mediterranean-diet-00884."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.6.1402S","article-title":"Mediterranean diet pyramid: A cultural model for healthy eating","volume":"61","author":"Willett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1079\/096582197388554","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and longevity","volume":"84","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025039","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population","volume":"348","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-010-9193-1","article-title":"Does the Mediterranean diet predict longevity in the elderly? A Swedish perspective","volume":"33","author":"Tognon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2516","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008222","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008222","article-title":"A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"5","author":"Esposito","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6723931","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6723931","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols, Mediterranean Diet, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence","volume":"2017","author":"Merino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1757-3","article-title":"Differences in the interpretation of a modernized Mediterranean diet prescribed in intervention studies for the management of type 2 diabetes: How closely does this align with a traditional Mediterranean diet?","volume":"58","author":"Villani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0352-x","article-title":"A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1565281","article-title":"Mediterranean diet, cardiovascular disease and mortality in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials","volume":"60","author":"Viguiliouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750860","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/750860","article-title":"Early effects of a hypocaloric, Mediterranean diet on laboratory parameters in obese individuals","volume":"2014","author":"Greco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitale, M., Masulli, M., Calabrese, I., Rivellese, A.A., Bonora, E., Signorini, S., Perriello, G., Squatrito, S., Buzzetti, R., and Sartore, G. (2018). TOSCA IT Study Group Impact of a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Its Components on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Glucose Control, and Body Weight in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-Life Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081067"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0881-1","article-title":"Mediterranean diet cools down the inflammatory milieu in type 2 diabetes: The MEDITA randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Maiorino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2016.04.011","article-title":"CORonary Diet Intervention with Olive oil and cardiovascular PREVention study (the CORDIOPREV study): Rationale, methods, and baseline characteristics: A clinical trial comparing the efficacy of a Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil versus a low-fat diet on cardiovascular disease in coronary patients","volume":"177","author":"Fuentes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy144","article-title":"Long-term consumption of a Mediterranean diet improves postprandial lipemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: The Cordioprev randomized trial","volume":"108","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30074-9","article-title":"PREDIMED Study Investigators Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: A prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Estruch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"920S","article-title":"Protective Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"146","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0836","article-title":"PREDIMED-Plus investigators Effect of a Lifestyle Intervention Program with Energy-Restricted Mediterranean Diet and Exercise on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: One-Year Results of the PREDIMED-Plus Trial","volume":"42","author":"Basora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708681","article-title":"Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet","volume":"359","author":"Shai","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(09)70008-7","article-title":"Dietary strategies for patients with type 2 diabetes in the era of multi-approaches; review and results from the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT)","volume":"86","author":"Schwarzfuchs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadaki, A., Nolen-Doerr, E., and Mantzoros, C.S. (2020). The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113342"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a1344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1344","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status: Meta-analysis","volume":"337","author":"Sofi","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0552-0","article-title":"The effects of plant-based diets on the body and the brain: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Medawar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.09.002","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial of five different diets","volume":"31","author":"Davidson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-085","article-title":"Nutritional update for physicians: Plant-based diets","volume":"17","author":"Tuso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.02.011","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Literature Supporting Recommendations from the Canadian Diabetes Association for the Use of a Plant-Based Diet for Management of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0631-4","article-title":"Nutrition Transition and the Global Diabetes Epidemic","volume":"15","author":"Popkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2195","article-title":"Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"179","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0606","article-title":"A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Barnard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3390-7","article-title":"Vegetarian Diets and Weight Reduction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012865","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012865","article-title":"Plant-Based Diets Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality in a General Population of Middle-Aged Adults","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.047","article-title":"Healthful and Unhealthful Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in U.S. Adults","volume":"70","author":"Satija","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trautwein, E.A., and McKay, S. (2020). The Role of Specific Components of a Plant-Based Diet in Management of Dyslipidemia and the Impact on Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092671"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein, A.H., Appel, L.J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H.A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., and Harris, W.S. (2006). Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation, 114, 82\u201396.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4729-5","article-title":"Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"61","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S265982","article-title":"Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Outcomes Related to Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Johannesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2017.3","article-title":"The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/ds16-0057","article-title":"Vegetarian Diets in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes and Its Complications","volume":"30","author":"Pawlak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00138.x","article-title":"A departure from the usual methods in treating obesity. 1929","volume":"3","author":"Evans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.018","article-title":"Caloric Restriction Mimetics against Age-Associated Disease: Targets, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"29","author":"Madeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.3.361","article-title":"Calorie restriction and aging: Review of the literature and implications for studies in humans","volume":"78","author":"Heilbronn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-5-675","article-title":"Very low calorie diets: Their efficacy, safety, and future","volume":"99","author":"Wadden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1052903","article-title":"How does calorie restriction work?","volume":"17","author":"Koubova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.038265","article-title":"Weight loss and dropout during a commercial weight-loss program including a very-low-calorie diet, a low-calorie diet, or restricted normal food: Observational cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Hemmingsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12372","article-title":"Very low-energy and low-energy formula diets: Effects on weight loss, obesity co-morbidities and type 2 diabetes remission\u2014An update on the evidence for their use in clinical practice","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.021","article-title":"Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Zubrzycki, A., Cierpka-Kmiec, K., Kmiec, Z., and Wronska, A. (2018). The role of low-calorie diets and intermittent fasting in the treatment of obesity and type-2 diabetes. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 69."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.06.002","article-title":"Effects and clinical potential of very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) in type 2 diabetes","volume":"85","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851671","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4851671","article-title":"Efficacy of Intermittent or Continuous Very Low-Energy Diets in Overweight and Obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"2020","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399812666151005123431","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Evidence on the Use of Very Low Calorie Diets in People with Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Sellahewa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13727","article-title":"Efficacy of low- and very-low-energy diets in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies","volume":"21","author":"Kloecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallberg, S.J., Gershuni, V.M., Hazbun, T.L., and Athinarayanan, S.J. (2019). Reversing Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040766"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4153","article-title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men with Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"180","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.146","article-title":"The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: An update and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moriconi, E., Camajani, E., Fabbri, A., Lenzi, A., and Caprio, M. (2021). Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet as a Safe and Valuable Tool for Long-Term Glycemic Management in Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030758"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0192-3","article-title":"Comparison of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet with a standard low-calorie diet in the treatment of obesity","volume":"47","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.1.110","article-title":"Effects of diet composition and ketosis on glycemia during very-low-energy-diet therapy in obese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"63","author":"Gumbiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy196","article-title":"Effects of intermittent and continuous calorie restriction on body weight and metabolism over 50 wk: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Schubel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33102-1","article-title":"Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): An open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"391","author":"Lean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.120","article-title":"NN8022-1923 Investigators Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: The SCALE Maintenance randomized study","volume":"37","author":"Wadden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30068-3","article-title":"Durability of a primary care-led weight-management intervention for remission of type 2 diabetes: 2-year results of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Lean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.4.902","article-title":"Predictors of changes in glucose tolerance status in obese youth","volume":"28","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.023697","article-title":"Very-low-calorie diet: A quick therapeutic tool to improve beta cell function in morbidly obese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"95","author":"Malandrucco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.956","article-title":"Immediate and long-term effects of a very-low-calorie diet on diabetes remission and glycemic control in obese Thai patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Umphonsathien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.001","article-title":"Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in Healthy Lifespan","volume":"23","author":"Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22065","article-title":"Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting","volume":"26","author":"Anton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","article-title":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, and Disease","volume":"381","author":"Mattson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.048","article-title":"Reduced Circulating Insulin Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Old Mice and Extends Lifespan","volume":"20","author":"Templeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.022","article-title":"Intermittent fasting 5:2 diet: What is the macronutrient and micronutrient intake and composition?","volume":"39","author":"Scholtens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064634","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting","volume":"37","author":"Patterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001474","article-title":"Prospective study of breakfast eating and incident coronary heart disease in a cohort of male US health professionals","volume":"128","author":"Cahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0761","article-title":"Fasting until noon triggers increased postprandial hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response after lunch and dinner in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2753","article-title":"Influences of Breakfast on Clock Gene Expression and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy Individuals and Individuals with Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"40","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2020.0048","article-title":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Glycemic Control and Body Composition in Adults with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Vitale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14080","article-title":"Intermittent fasting and \u2018metabolic switch\u2019: Effects on metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Rajpal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.0936","article-title":"Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"177","author":"Trepanowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.03.009","article-title":"Effect of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, maintenance and cardiometabolic risk: A randomized 1-year trial","volume":"28","author":"Sundfor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","article-title":"Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13595","article-title":"Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Corley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v8.i4.154","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on health markers in those with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Arnason","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180756","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756","article-title":"Effect of Intermittent Compared with Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial","volume":"1","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802295","article-title":"Effect of intensive dietetic interventions on weight and glycaemic control in overweight men with Type II diabetes: A randomised trial","volume":"27","author":"Ash","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.10.010","article-title":"The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial","volume":"122","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2004392","article-title":"The evolution of the nutritional management of diabetes","volume":"63","author":"Moran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1203-9","article-title":"Diet, delusion and diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Sawyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Banting, W. (1869). Letter on Corpulence, Addressed to the Public with Addenda, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2009). Dr. Atkin\u2019s New Diet Revolution, Quill."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-017-0006-9","article-title":"Twelve-month outcomes of a randomized trial of a moderate-carbohydrate versus very low-carbohydrate diet in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus or prediabetes","volume":"7","author":"Saslow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.116","article-title":"Beyond weight loss: A review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets","volume":"67","author":"Paoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-018-0373-9","article-title":"Effectiveness and Safety of a Novel Care Model for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes at 1 Year: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Controlled Study","volume":"9","author":"Hallberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000354","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000354","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Snorgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.07.006","article-title":"Efficacy of low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"131","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Diabetes Canada Position Statement on Low-Carbohydrate Diets for Adults with Diabetes: A Rapid Review. Can. J. Diabetes, 44, 295\u2013299.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2020.04.001"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.07.001","article-title":"Scientific evidence of diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets","volume":"69","author":"Freire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12649","article-title":"Exploring the highs and lows of very low carbohydrate high fat diets on weight loss and diabetes- and cardiovascular disease-related risk markers: A systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Ross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.9.2375","article-title":"Effect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Gannon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimosthenopoulos, C., Liatis, S., Kourpas, E., Athanasopoulou, E., Driva, S., Makrilakis, K., and Kokkinos, A. (2021). The beneficial short-term effects of a high-protein\/low-carbohydrate diet on glycaemic control assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes. Metab.","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.14390\/v2\/response1"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m4743","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4743","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low and very low carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes remission: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomized trial data","volume":"372","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01568-8","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate diets and type 2 diabetes treatment: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"57","author":"Silverii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy096","article-title":"Effects of low-carbohydrate- compared with low-fat-diet interventions on metabolic control in people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review including GRADE assessments","volume":"108","author":"Fedorowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000565","article-title":"Using a low-carbohydrate diet to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Westman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-2-34","article-title":"A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Yancy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112581","article-title":"Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: A randomized trial","volume":"102","author":"Tay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00348","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of a Novel Continuous Remote Care Intervention Including Nutritional Ketosis for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Non-randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Athinarayanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005","article-title":"Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: A randomized trial","volume":"153","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0245","article-title":"Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association with Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"319","author":"Gardner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.2284","article-title":"Very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets and diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Dyson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.026","article-title":"Effect of dietary carbohydrate restriction on glycemic control in adults with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2016.36","article-title":"Short-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet interventional weight loss program versus hypocaloric diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Goday","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.01.016","article-title":"Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Hussain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-5-36","article-title":"The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Westman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livesey, G., Taylor, R., Livesey, H.F., Buyken, A.E., Jenkins, D.J.A., Augustin, L.S.A., Sievenpiper, J.L., Barclay, A.W., Liu, S., and Wolever, T.M.S. (2019). Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061436"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.3.362","article-title":"Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange","volume":"34","author":"Jenkins","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz061","article-title":"Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of mortality from all causes and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"110","author":"Shahdadian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, and Cheng, A.Y.L.A. (2013). Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Introduction. Can. J. Diabetes, 37, 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.04.005"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007137","article-title":"Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance","volume":"363","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livesey, G., Taylor, R., Livesey, H.F., Buyken, A.E., Jenkins, D.J.A., Augustin, L.S.A., Sievenpiper, J.L., Barclay, A.W., Liu, S., and Wolever, T.M.S. (2019). Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061280"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.079533","article-title":"Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.8.2261","article-title":"Low-glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Hayne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz149","article-title":"Low-glycemic index diets as an intervention for diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Zafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, O., Ojo, O.O., Wang, X.H., and Adegboye, A.R.A. (2019). The Effects of a Low GI Diet on Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071584"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2014.10.008","article-title":"Effects comparison between low glycemic index diets and high glycemic index diets on HbA1c and fructosamine for patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. Care. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.10.012","article-title":"Decrease in Glycemic Index Associated with Improved Glycemic Control among Latinos with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000206","article-title":"Low glycemic index diet reduces body fat and attenuates inflammatory and metabolic responses in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Gomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.808","article-title":"Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial","volume":"300","author":"Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1093-x","article-title":"Low glycaemic index diet and disposition index in type 2 diabetes (the Canadian trial of carbohydrates in diabetes): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Wolever","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610030204","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in humans","volume":"3","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0435","article-title":"Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"96","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00586.2013","article-title":"Local overexpression of the myostatin propeptide increases glucose transporter expression and enhances skeletal muscle glucose disposal","volume":"306","author":"Cleasby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.294","article-title":"Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Holten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0641-5546","article-title":"Serum Myostatin is Upregulated in Obesity and Correlates with Insulin Resistance in Humans","volume":"127","author":"Amor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1762755","article-title":"Resistance training attenuates circulating FGF-21 and myostatin and improves insulin resistance in elderly men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Shabkhiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013001870","article-title":"Macronutrient intake and type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged Australian women. Results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women\u2019s Health","volume":"17","author":"Alhazmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00869","article-title":"Age-Related Anabolic Resistance of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Is Exacerbated in Obese Inactive Individuals","volume":"102","author":"Smeuninx","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1234","article-title":"Postprandial Protein Handling Is Not Impaired in Type 2 Diabetes Patients When Compared with Normoglycemic Controls","volume":"100","author":"Kouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511007422","article-title":"Resistance exercise enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis with graded intakes of whey protein in older men","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E803","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00213.2016","article-title":"Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review","volume":"311","author":"Shad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu103","article-title":"Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men","volume":"70","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2640fje","article-title":"Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle","volume":"19","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: A position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group","volume":"14","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, R.N., Smeuninx, B., Morgan, P.T., and Breen, L. (2020). Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051533"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-010-0171-x","article-title":"Protein content in diabetes nutrition plan","volume":"11","author":"Hamdy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2002.282.1.E132","article-title":"Body-size dependence of resting energy expenditure can be attributed to nonenergetic homogeneity of fat-free mass","volume":"282","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789X.2002.00057.x","article-title":"Metabolically active components of fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure in humans: Recent lessons from imaging technologies","volume":"3","author":"Muller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000232","article-title":"Examining variations of resting metabolic rate of adults: A public health perspective","volume":"46","author":"McMurray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2897","article-title":"Sarcolipin is a newly identified regulator of muscle-based thermogenesis in mammals","volume":"18","author":"Bal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.5.1135","article-title":"Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: Comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate","volume":"72","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00555.2013","article-title":"Leanness and heightened nonresting energy expenditure: Role of skeletal muscle activity thermogenesis","volume":"306","author":"Gavini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz281","article-title":"High Compared with Moderate Protein Intake Reduces Adaptive Thermogenesis and Induces a Negative Energy Balance during Long-term Weight-Loss Maintenance in Participants with Prediabetes in the Postobese State: A PREVIEW Study","volume":"150","author":"Drummen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.167593","article-title":"Normal protein intake is required for body weight loss and weight maintenance, and elevated protein intake for additional preservation of resting energy expenditure and fat free mass","volume":"143","author":"Soenen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0215-1","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid supplementation restores reduced insulinotropic activity of a low-protein diet through the vagus nerve in rats","volume":"14","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001911","article-title":"The acute effects of four protein meals on insulin, glucose, appetite and energy intake in lean men","volume":"104","author":"Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3305-x","article-title":"Incretin, insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of whey protein pre-load in type 2 diabetes: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Jakubowicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy019","article-title":"A small dose of whey protein co-ingested with mixed-macronutrient breakfast and lunch meals improves postprandial glycemia and suppresses appetite in men with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"107","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000991","article-title":"Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals","volume":"104","author":"Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004374","article-title":"Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets differing in cereal fiber and protein content on insulin sensitivity in overweight humans","volume":"94","author":"Weickert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.138495","article-title":"Prolonged leucine supplementation does not augment muscle mass or affect glycemic control in elderly type 2 diabetic men","volume":"141","author":"Leenders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz191","article-title":"Short-term dietary reduction of branched-chain amino acids reduces meal-induced insulin secretion and modifies microbiome composition in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"110","author":"Karusheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00544.x","article-title":"Metabolic flexibility in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: Effects of lifestyle","volume":"10","author":"Corpeleijn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.01.009","article-title":"Effect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"105","author":"Sargrad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.734","article-title":"An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes","volume":"78","author":"Gannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.025","article-title":"The adverse metabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids are mediated by isoleucine and valine","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2640-5","article-title":"Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates","volume":"50","author":"Gorissen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahleova, H., Tura, A., Klementova, M., Thieme, L., Haluzik, M., Pavlovicova, R., Hill, M., and Pelikanova, T. (2019). A Plant-Based Meal Stimulates Incretin and Insulin Secretion More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Standard Meal in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030486"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.8.1277","article-title":"Animal versus plant protein meals in individuals with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: Effects on renal, glycemic, and lipid parameters","volume":"25","author":"Wheeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9804","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7125509","article-title":"Effect of Replacing Animal Protein with Plant Protein on Glycemic Control in Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"7","author":"Viguiliouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.2.284","article-title":"Characterization of signal transduction and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"49","author":"Krook","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perreault, L., Newsom, S.A., Strauss, A., Kerege, A., Kahn, D.E., Harrison, K.A., Snell-Bergeon, J.K., Nemkov, T., D\u2019Alessandro, A., and Jackman, M.R. (2018). Intracellular localization of diacylglycerols and sphingolipids influences insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle. JCI Insight, 3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.96805"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1596","article-title":"Lipid partitioning, incomplete fatty acid oxidation, and insulin signal transduction in primary human muscle cells: Effects of severe obesity, fatty acid incubation, and fatty acid translocase\/CD36 overexpression","volume":"95","author":"Bell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204","article-title":"Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36","volume":"349","author":"Batterham","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00450.2006","article-title":"Effects of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure, glucose and fat metabolism in obese and lean subjects","volume":"292","author":"Sloth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.7.1137","article-title":"Continuous subcutaneous infusion of glucagon-like peptide 1 lowers plasma glucose and reduces appetite in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"22","author":"Madsbad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.03.002","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) suppresses ghrelin levels in humans via increased insulin secretion","volume":"143","author":"Hagemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.04.011","article-title":"A randomized cross-over study of the effects of macronutrient composition and meal frequency on GLP-1, ghrelin and energy expenditure in humans","volume":"93","author":"Ingves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvaresh Rizi, E., Loh, T.P., Baig, S., Chhay, V., Huang, S., Caleb Quek, J., Tai, E.S., Toh, S.A., and Khoo, C.M. (2018). A high carbohydrate, but not fat or protein meal attenuates postprandial ghrelin, PYY and GLP-1 responses in Chinese men. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191609"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.08.001","article-title":"Critical role for peptide YY in protein-mediated satiation and body-weight regulation","volume":"4","author":"Batterham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00478.2011","article-title":"Effects of fat, protein, and carbohydrate and protein load on appetite, plasma cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and ghrelin, and energy intake in lean and obese men","volume":"303","author":"Brennan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.84","article-title":"Comparative effects of whey and casein proteins on satiety in overweight and obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-00139-8","article-title":"Acute effects of whey protein on energy intake, appetite and gastric emptying in younger and older, obese men","volume":"10","author":"Oberoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002760","article-title":"Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite","volume":"89","author":"Hall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000142","article-title":"Direct induction of CCK and GLP-1 release from murine endocrine cells by intact dietary proteins","volume":"55","author":"Geraedts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2016.12.002","article-title":"Low-molecular fraction of wheat protein hydrolysate stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in an enteroendocrine L cell line and improves glucose tolerance in rats","volume":"37","author":"Kato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yclnex.2019.09.002","article-title":"Effect of high-protein breakfast meal on within-day appetite hormones: Peptide YY, glucagon like peptide-1 in adults","volume":"28","author":"Ghazzawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Exp."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.203","article-title":"The effects of consuming frequent, higher protein meals on appetite and satiety during weight loss in overweight\/obese men","volume":"19","author":"Leidy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103801","article-title":"Dairy-derived peptides for satiety","volume":"66","author":"Kondrashina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1218","article-title":"DIOGenes Effects of different protein content and glycaemic index of ad libitum diets on diabetes risk factors in overweight adults: The DIOGenes multicentre, randomized, dietary intervention trial","volume":"27","author":"Goyenechea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.216","article-title":"The role of higher protein diets in weight control and obesity-related comorbidities","volume":"39","author":"Astrup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12345","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and the association with type 2 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0271-1","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: Metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements","volume":"15","author":"Holecek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holecek, M. (2020). Why Are Branched-Chain Amino Acids Increased in Starvation and Diabetes?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103087"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S186600","article-title":"Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bidirectional relationship","volume":"12","author":"Mesinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maykish, A., and Sikalidis, A.K. (2020). Utilization of Hydroxyl-Methyl Butyrate, Leucine, Glutamine and Arginine Supplementation in Nutritional Management of Sarcopenia-Implications and Clinical Considerations for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Modulation. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10010019"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000475604","article-title":"Increased Incretin But Not Insulin Response after Oral versus Intravenous Branched Chain Amino Acids","volume":"70","author":"Gojda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.suppl_3.S197","article-title":"The incretin approach for diabetes treatment: Modulation of islet hormone release by GLP-1 agonism","volume":"53","author":"Holst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-1124.2010.00022.x","article-title":"GIP and GLP-1, the two incretin hormones: Similarities and differences","volume":"1","author":"Seino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comerford, K.B., and Pasin, G. (2016). Emerging Evidence for the Importance of Dietary Protein Source on Glucoregulatory Markers and Type 2 Diabetes: Different Effects of Dairy, Meat, Fish, Egg, and Plant Protein Foods. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080446"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0636-x","article-title":"An overview of the therapeutic effects of leucine supplementation on skeletal muscle under atrophic conditions","volume":"40","author":"Nicastro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053914","article-title":"Reviewing the Effects of L-Leucine Supplementation in the Regulation of Food Intake, Energy Balance, and Glucose Homeostasis","volume":"7","author":"Pedroso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Li, F., Guo, Q., Duan, Y., Wang, W., Zhong, Y., Yang, Y., and Yin, Y. (2020). Leucine Supplementation: A Novel Strategy for Modulating Lipid Metabolism and Energy Homeostasis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051299"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-0983-2","article-title":"Leucine nutrition in animals and humans: mTOR signaling and beyond","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-020518-114455","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acids","volume":"81","author":"Neinast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.11.004","article-title":"mTORC1 Signaling: A Double-Edged Sword in Diabetic beta Cells","volume":"27","author":"Ardestani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00282.x","article-title":"Leucine metabolism in regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.3.E466","article-title":"Leucine and insulin activate p70 S6 kinase through different pathways in human skeletal muscle","volume":"281","author":"Greiwe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.212S","article-title":"The regulation of body and skeletal muscle protein metabolism by hormones and amino acids","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C., Kirk, B., and Duque, G. (2021). Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030745"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0070-4","article-title":"Creatine supplementation and aging musculoskeletal health","volume":"45","author":"Candow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S123529","article-title":"Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chilibeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000220","article-title":"Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults-a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Devries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_220","unstructured":"Forbes, S.C., Candow, D.G., Ferreira, L.H.B., and Souza-Junior, T.P. (2021). Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Properties of Muscle, Bone, and Brain Function in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. J. Diet. Suppl., 1\u201318."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solis, M.Y., Artioli, G.G., and Gualano, B. (2021). Potential of Creatine in Glucose Management and Diabetes. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020570"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","article-title":"Creatine and creatinine metabolism","volume":"80","author":"Wyss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03441","article-title":"Carnosine, anserine, creatine, and inosine 5\u2032-monophosphate contents in breast and thigh meats from 5 lines of Korean native chicken","volume":"92","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostojic, S.M., Korovljev, D., and Stajer, V. (2021). Dietary creatine and cognitive function in U.S. adults aged 60 years and over. Aging Clin. Exp. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01857-4"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C., Chilibeck, P.D., Cornish, S.M., Antonio, J., and Kreider, R.B. (2019). Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and Inflammation. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8040488"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0830367","article-title":"Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation","volume":"83","author":"Harris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.232","article-title":"Muscle creatine loading in men","volume":"81","author":"Hultman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00124","article-title":"Variables Influencing the Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation as a Therapeutic Intervention for Sarcopenia","volume":"6","author":"Candow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forbes, S.C., Candow, D.G., Krentz, J.R., Roberts, M.D., and Young, K.C. (2019). Changes in Fat Mass Following Creatine Supplementation and Resistance Training in Adults >\/=50 Years of Age: A Meta-Analysis. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk4030062"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.007","article-title":"Genetic Depletion of Adipocyte Creatine Metabolism Inhibits Diet-Induced Thermogenesis and Drives Obesity","volume":"26","author":"Kazak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Metab."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0035-x","article-title":"Ablation of adipocyte creatine transport impairs thermogenesis and causes diet-induced obesity","volume":"1","author":"Kazak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00238.2004","article-title":"Creatine feeding increases GLUT4 expression in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"288","author":"Ju","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20030116","article-title":"Creatine supplementation increases glycogen storage but not GLUT-4 expression in human skeletal muscle","volume":"106","author":"Murphy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E322","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v32i6.10669","article-title":"Comparison of antihyperglycemic effects of creatine and metformin in type II diabetic patients","volume":"32","author":"Rocic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1246-6","article-title":"Creatine-induced glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes: A role for AMPK-alpha?","volume":"43","author":"Alves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181fcee7d","article-title":"Creatine in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Gualano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1676-3","article-title":"Creatine supplementation does not impair kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"111","author":"Gualano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0391","article-title":"Management of Endocrine Disease: The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Lips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.12.010","article-title":"A dermatologist\u2019s perspective on vitamin D","volume":"87","author":"Vanchinathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822d74f3","article-title":"Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at critical care initiation is associated with increased mortality","volume":"40","author":"Braun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Garach, A., Garcia-Fontana, B., and Munoz-Torres, M. (2019). Vitamin D Status, Calcium Intake and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes: An Unresolved Issue. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030642"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittas, A.G., Jorde, R., Kawahara, T., and Dawson-Hughes, B. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: To D or Not to D?. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 105.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa594"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2014.01.011","article-title":"Vitamin D and the skin: Focus on a complex relationship: A review","volume":"6","author":"Mostafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"020501","article-title":"In sickness and in health: Pivotal role of vitamin d","volume":"30","author":"Gabaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.07.007","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Colotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., and Sliwinska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186644"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenclewska, S., Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., Bunk, M., and Sliwinska, A. (2019). Vitamin D Supplementation Reduces Both Oxidative DNA Damage and Insulin Resistance in the Elderly with Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122891"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a link between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiq, S., and Jeppesen, P.B. (2018). Is Hypovitaminosis D Related to Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes and High Fasting Glucose Level in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010059"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28441","article-title":"Predicted 25-hydroxyvitamin D score and incident type 2 diabetes in the Framingham Offspring Study","volume":"91","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.K., Garland, C.F., Gorham, E.D., BuDoff, L., and Barrett-Connor, E. (2018). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes: 12-year cohort study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193070"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2019.1682543","article-title":"Vitamin D, menopause, and aging: Quo vadis?","volume":"23","author":"Chedraui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","article-title":"The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"25","article-title":"The association between vitamin D level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03092.x","article-title":"Baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in the Tromso Study 1994\u201395 and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus during 11 years of follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Grimnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193003","article-title":"Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and metaanalysis","volume":"59","author":"Afzal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0962","article-title":"Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"36","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, P., and Zhang, Y. (2018). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030375"},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"1651","article-title":"The effects of vitamin d supplementation on glucose control and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes type 2: A randomized clinical trial study","volume":"43","author":"Yousefi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maretzke, F., Bechthold, A., Egert, S., Ernst, J.B., Melo van Lent, D., Pilz, S., Reichrath, J., Stangl, G.I., Stehle, P., and Volkert, D. (2020). Role of Vitamin D in Preventing and Treating Selected Extraskeletal Diseases\u2014An Umbrella Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040969"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0432","article-title":"Vitamin D testing and treatment: A narrative review of current evidence","volume":"8","author":"Pilz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Connect."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01024","article-title":"The Effect of Improved Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status on Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"102","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karonova, T., Stepanova, A., Bystrova, A., and Jude, E.B. (2020). High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Microcirculation and Reduces Inflammation in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092518"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03672.x","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control and insulin resistance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.118","article-title":"Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Mitri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12794","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance in individuals with low vitamin D status and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (EVIDENCE): A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1057","article-title":"No Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment on beta-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, or Glucose Homeostasis in Subjects with Abnormal Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"39","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00550","article-title":"Vitamin D Toxicity-A Clinical Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Lukaszkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1070","article-title":"Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"37","author":"Tebben","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/7\/2378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:16Z","timestamp":1760164156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/7\/2378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":269,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13072378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13072378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]}}}