{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:35:49Z","timestamp":1790800549274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries. Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages in the world and has been shown to be beneficial in limiting progression in chronic liver disease in general. However, research surrounding the impact of coffee consumption on NAFLD progression is limited. This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and the progression of liver disease, specifically for cases of NAFLD. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for published studies that evaluated the effects of coffee consumption on the progression of NAFLD. The results are presented in a narrative synthesis with principal summary measures, including odds ratios, p-values, and differences in mean coffee intake in relation to severity of NAFLD. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. There was no trial evidence among NAFLD patients, rather all studies were of a cross-sectional design. Using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist, four studies received a positive rating, with the remaining study receiving a neutral rating. Overall, four out of the five studies reported a statistically significant relationship between coffee consumption and the severity of fibrosis. Methods around capturing and defining coffee consumption were heterogeneous and therefore an effective dose could not be elucidated. Results suggest that higher coffee consumption is inversely associated with the severity of hepatic fibrosis in individuals with NAFLD. However, further research is required to elucidate the optimum quantity and form\/preparation of coffee required to exert this hepatoprotective role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"2381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Coffee Consumption and the Progression of NAFLD: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sewter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Rural Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Port Macquarie, NSW 2444, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1868-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"444","article-title":"Fatty liver disease\u2014A practical guide for GPs","volume":"42","author":"Iser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30879-8","article-title":"The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Americas","volume":"13","author":"Arrese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14270","article-title":"Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Australia","volume":"33","author":"Mahady","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2018.78120","article-title":"A systematic review of the present and future of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11430859","article-title":"Secondary causes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Kneeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2013-100403","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A practical approach to diagnosis and staging","volume":"5","author":"Dyson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i16.2041","article-title":"Physical activity as a treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Whitsett","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"101","article-title":"Review: Advances in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"1","author":"Mehta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawangjit, R., Chongmelaxme, B., Phisalprapa, P., Saokaew, S., Thakkinstian, A., Kowdley, K., and Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2016). Comparative efficacy of interventions on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Medicine, 95.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004529"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i27.6318","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Golabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25168","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161025168","article-title":"Relevant Aspects of Nutritional and Dietary Interventions in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"16","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12422","article-title":"Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Brewing evidence for hepatoprotection?","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000240","article-title":"Coffee and Liver Health","volume":"48","author":"Morisco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Wang, X., Wu, G., Chen, L., Hu, P., Ren, H., and Hu, H. (2015). Coffee Consumption Decreases Risks for Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142457"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13523","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Coffee consumption and the risk of cirrhosis","volume":"43","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12304","article-title":"Impact of coffee on liver diseases: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Saab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000776","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1143-3","article-title":"Protective Role of Coffee in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)","volume":"55","author":"Catalano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i30.3361","article-title":"Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis","volume":"24","author":"Leoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30931-7","article-title":"High coffee intake is associated with lower grade non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The role of peripheral antioxidant activity","volume":"11","author":"Uribe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy297","article-title":"Long-term coffee consumption, caffeine metabolism genetics, and risk of cardiovascular disease: A prospective analysis of up to 347,077 individuals and 8368 cases","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666141210215655","article-title":"Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?","volume":"13","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.015","article-title":"Is It Time to Write a Prescription for Coffee? Coffee and Liver Disease","volume":"144","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23279","article-title":"Increased caffeine consumption is associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis","volume":"51","author":"Modi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"158","article-title":"Association between caffeine consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, O.J., Roderick, P., Buchanan, R., Fallowfield, J.A., Hayes, P.C., and Parkes, J. (2017). Coffee, including caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 7.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013739"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt, A., Nier, A., Jin, C.J., Baumann, A., Jung, F., Ribas, V., Garc\u00eda-Ruiz, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Checa, J.C., and Bergheim, I. (2019). Consumption of decaffeinated coffee protects against the development of early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Role of intestinal barrier function. Redox Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101092"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2020). Covidence Systematic Review Software, Veritas Health Innovation."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, March 25). Clarivate Analytics Endnote X9. Available online: https:\/\/endnote.com."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2016). Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Evidence Analysis Manual: Steps in the Academy Evidence Analysis Process, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24731","article-title":"Association of coffee and caffeine consumption with fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and degree of hepatic fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Molloy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12379","article-title":"Coffee consumption in NAFLD patients with lower insulin resistance is associated with lower risk of severe fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Bambha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.07.014","article-title":"Regular coffee but not espresso drinking is protective against fibrosis in a cohort mainly composed of morbidly obese european women with NAFLD undergoing bariatric surgery","volume":"57","author":"Anty","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1198804","article-title":"Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in morbid obese patients: Coffee consumption vs. disease severity","volume":"15","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"428","article-title":"Coffee consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver onset: A prospective study in the general population","volume":"165","author":"Salomone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transit. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.030","article-title":"A systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of coffee dose and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temple, J.L., Bernard, C., Lipshultz, S.E., Czachor, J.D., Westphal, J.A., and Mestre, M.A. (2017). The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front. Psychiatry, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00080"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/7\/2381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:25Z","timestamp":1760164165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/7\/2381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13072381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13072381","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]}}}