{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:56:49Z","timestamp":1773179809226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), is increasingly hypothesized to be a factor contributing to changes in fetal growth velocity. BPA exposure may be environmental, occupational, and\/or dietary, with canned foods and plastic bottles contributing significantly. Our systematic review aims to evaluate the current literature and to investigate the role of BPA in abnormal fetal growth patterns. A search was conducted in the PubMed and Cochrane databases. A total of 25 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. Eleven of them failed to show a clear relationship between BPA and abnormal fetal growth. The majority of the remaining studies (9\/14) found an inverse association of BPA with indicators of fetal growth, whereas three studies suggested increased fetal growth, and two studies produced contradictory findings. Of note, both of the studies that collected a sample (amniotic fluid) directly reflecting BPA concentration in the fetus during the first half of pregnancy revealed an inverse association with birth weight. In conclusion, there is mounting evidence that combined exposure to BPA from dietary and non-dietary sources during pregnancy may contribute to abnormal fetal growth; a tendency towards fetal growth restriction was shown, especially when exposure occurs during the first half.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Systematic Review of Bisphenol A from Dietary and Non-Dietary Sources during Pregnancy and Its Possible Connection with Fetal Growth Restriction: Investigating Its Potential Effects and the Window of Fetal Vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Vrachnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Vascular Biology, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George\u2019s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dionysios","family":"Vrachnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Antonakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Gynecology, Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine Unit, Evgenideio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Zygouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"K\u03bflialexi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Pergaliotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Iavazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, 18537 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Mastorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoi","family":"Iliodromiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Niu, Y., Yao, X., and Liu, H. 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