{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:09:56Z","timestamp":1785906596372,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013M3A9C4078158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013M3A9C4078158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Homocysteine (Hcy) is well known to be increased in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence. However, it remains unclear whether the relationship is causal or not. Recently, Mendelian Randomization (MR) has been popularly used to assess the causal influence. In this study, we adopted MR to investigate the causal influence of Hcy on MetS in adults using three independent cohorts. We considered one-sample MR and two-sample MR. We analyzed one-sample MR in 5902 individuals (2090 MetS cases and 3812 controls) from the KARE and two-sample MR from the HEXA (676 cases and 3017 controls) and CAVAS (1052 cases and 764 controls) datasets to evaluate whether genetically increased Hcy level influences the risk of MetS. In observation studies, the odds of MetS increased with higher Hcy concentrations (odds ratio (OR) 1.17, 95%CI 1.12\u20131.22, p &lt; 0.01). One-sample MR was performed using two-stage least-squares regression, with an MTHFR C677T and weighted Hcy generic risk score as an instrument. Two-sample MR was performed with five genetic variants (rs12567136, rs1801133, rs2336377, rs1624230, and rs1836883) by GWAS data as the instrumental variables. For sensitivity analysis, weighted median and MR\u2013Egger regression were used. Using one-sample MR, we found an increased risk of MetS (OR 2.07 per 1-SD Hcy increase). Two-sample MR supported that increased Hcy was significantly associated with increased MetS risk by using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method (beta 0.723, SE 0.119, and p &lt; 0.001), the weighted median regression method (beta 0.734, SE 0.097, and p &lt; 0.001), and the MR\u2013Egger method (beta 2.073, SE 0.843, and p = 0.014) in meta-analysis. The MR\u2013Egger slope showed no evidence of pleiotropic effects (intercept \u22120.097, p = 0.107). In conclusion, this study represented the MR approach and elucidates the significant relationship between Hcy and the risk of MetS in the Korean population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T10:52:58Z","timestamp":1626432778000},"page":"2440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Homocysteine and Metabolic Syndrome: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2864-015X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-Sun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division, Daegu Institute, National Forensic Service, Andong-si 39872, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghwan","family":"In","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology Division, Daegu Institute, National Forensic Service, Andong-si 39872, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taesung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77184-x","article-title":"The prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome in Chinese aging population","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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